英语翻译Y-chromosome haplogroup O3 is a common DNA marker in Han

英语翻译
Y-chromosome haplogroup O3 is a common DNA marker in Han Chinese,as it appeared in China in prehistoric times.It is found in more than 50% of Chinese males,and ranging up to over 80% in certain regional subgroups of the Han ethnicity.[19] However,the mitochondrial DNA of Han Chinese increases in diversity as one looks from northern to southern China,which suggests that some male migrants from northern China married with women from local peoples after arriving in Guangdong,Fujian,and other regions of southern China.[20][21] Despite this,tests comparing the genetic profiles of northern Han,southern Han and southern natives determined that haplogroups O1b-M110,O2a1-M88 and O3d-M7,which are prevalent in southern natives,were only observed in some southern Hans (4% on average),but not in northern Hans.Therefore,this proves that the contribution of southern natives in southern Hans is limited.[22] In contrast,there are consistent strong genetic similarities in the Y chromosome haplogroup distribution between the southern and northern Chinese population,and the result of principal component analysis indicates almost all Han populations form a tight cluster in their Y chromosome.Additionally,the estimated contribution of northern Hans to southern Hans is substantial in both paternal and maternal lineages and a geographic cline exists for mtDNA.As a result,the northern Hans are the primary contributors to the gene pool of the southern Hans.However,it is noteworthy that the expansion process was dominated by males,as is shown by a greater contribution to the Y-chromosome than the mtDNA from northern Hans to southern Hans.These genetic observations are in line with historical records of continuous and large migratory waves of northern China inhabitants escaping warfare and famine,to southern China.Aside from these large migratory waves,other smaller southward migrations also occurred during almost all periods in the past two millennia.Moreover,a study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences into the gene frequency data of Han subpopulations and ethnic minorities in China,showed that Han subpopulations in different regions are also genetically close to the local ethnic minorities,and it means that in many cases blood of ethnic minorities has mixed into Han,while at the same time,blood of Han also has mixed into the local ethnicities.[23] A recent,and to date the most extensive,genome-wide association study of the Han population shows that little geographic-genetic dispersion from north to south has occurred.[24] Ultimately,with the exception in some ethnolinguistic branches of the Han Chinese,such as Pinghua,there is a coherent genetic structure in all Han Chinese populace

Y染色体单倍型类群O3是一个汉族共同的基因标记,它出现在中国史前时代.超过50％的中国男性的基因里都能发现它,在特定地区的有着汉族种源的亚种族里能达到80％以上.[19]然而,从北到南来看,汉人的线粒体DNA多样性在增加 ,这表明一些从北方去的男性移民在到达广东,福建和中国南方其他地区后与当地的女性结婚.[20] [21]尽管如此,而北方汉族,南方汉族和南方原住民的基因图谱实验来看,确定了单倍组O1b - M110,O2a1 -M88和O3d - M7在南部原住民中常见,但去仅在一些南方汉族（平均4％）上见到,但北方汉族则没有.因此,这表明,在南方汉族基因族谱中南部原住民的贡献是有限的.[22]与此相反,在南部和北部中国的人口,Y染色体单倍型类群的分布有着连续而又极高的遗传相似性,主成分分析的结果表明,几乎所有的汉族人群的在他们的Y染色体形成一个紧簇.此外,北方汉族对南方汉族的预计的贡献是巨大的,在父亲和母亲的线粒体DNA所体现的代系和地理渐变群特性中都是如此.因此,北方汉族是对南方汉族基因库的主要贡献者.不过,值得注意的是,这种基因的扩大进程是男性占主导地位的,因为证据表明,在北方汉族对南方的汉族基因贡献中,Y染色体比线粒体起了更大的作用.这些遗传的观测与中国北方居民为逃避战争和饥荒连续并且大迁徙向南方迁徙的历史记录向吻合.除了这些大的移民浪潮,在过去两千年的时间里,其他向南方的迁徙也发生在几乎每个时期.此外,中国科学院的一项关于亚汉族人口和中国少数民族的基因频率数据研究显示,不同地区汉族亚群的基因也接近当地少数民族,这意味着在许多情况下少数民族的基因融合到汉族里,而与此同时,汉族基因也会融合到当地少数民族里.[23]最近,一项迄今最广泛的汉族基因组关联研究表明,从北到南,少量的地理遗传分散会发生.[24]最后,除了汉语中一些民族语言的分支是例外,比如说平话,在汉人民众中有着协调一致的遗传结构.