作业帮定语从句的详细讲解
来源：学生作业帮 编辑：拍题作业网作业帮 分类：英语作业 时间：2024/04/28 15:49:59
定语从句的详细讲解
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词.定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出.
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等.
关系副词有：when, where, why等. 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致.
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书.
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣.（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作宾语 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语.
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了.
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方.
用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词.及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词.例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起.此两题错在关系词的误用上.
内容提要
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种.状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句.名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型.
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略.而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处.
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反.
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了.
3. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
that 和which在一般情况都可以用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词,在从句中作主语、宾语.但在下列情况下一般只用that而不用which ：
-- （1）先行词本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代词时,例如：
Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy .
任何能够燃烧的东西都是热能源.
There must be something that happened to you .你一定出了什么事.
They had nothing that could cure of his disease .他们没有一点能治愈他疾病的东西了.
-- （2）先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或the last, the only等作定语时,例如：
This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧.
That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路.
We have to consider the first thing that starts our work .
我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事.7)当先行词是两个或两个以上的词分别表示人和物时用that.例如：
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.他们谈到了他们熟悉的老师和学校.
（3）在以which,who开头的句子中常用that.例如：
Which is the car that killed the man?撞死那个男子的小车是哪一辆?
（4）time是先行词时,前面如有序数词或last修饰时,定语从句只能用that引导或省略.例如：
This is the last time(that)I shall give you a letter.
The first time(that)I saw him was last year.
4. 然而,在下列情况下却只用which而不用that：
-（1） 当先行词表示事物意义,并且在从句中作介词的宾语,那么就只能用which .当然,如果在口语或非正式文体中,介词没有提前,也就没有这点要求了.例如：
The world in which we live is made of matter .
我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的.
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow .
洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候.
The world that we live in is made of matter.
（正确.因为关系代词虽然在从句中作介词的宾语,但是介词没有提前,所以没有这点要求.）
我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的.
The world in that we live is made of matter.
（错误.因为关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语,而且介词已经提前,所以必须遵从这点要求.）
--（2） 在非限定性定语从句（关于这一点随后就要讲解）中,当关系词表示事物意义时, 只能用which .这是语法所规定的,没有任何解释.例如：
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .
太阳给予大地热,这就使植物的生长成为可能.
The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .最重要的能源形式是电能,它广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之中.
5..as用在such...as,the same...as,so/as...as结构中,as从句后可用省略形式.例如：
Here is so big a stone as I can't carry it.这个石头太大了,我搬不动它.
My hometown is no longer the same(one)as it was.我的家乡跟从前不一样了.
He lived about the same time as Shakespeare.他和莎士比亚生活在同一时代.
注：在the same...as ,the same...that中,当as从句和that从句都属定语从句的范畴时,as引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的事物"相似",即同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的是"同一的"即指同一事物.例如：
This is the same(kind of)bag as I lost yesterday.这个包和我昨天丢失的包的样子是同样的.
This is the same(＝the very bag)that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢失的那个包.
6.which,as的异同：
1.as /which都可用在非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语,指整个主句或主句的一部分.例如：
The meeting was put off,which /as was exactly what we wanted.这次会议延期了,这正是我们所希望的.
This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.这头大象像条蛇,任何人都能看得出这一点.
2.as /which都可用在非限制性定语从句中作表语,指代主句中的表语.例如：
She was very patient to friends ,as /which her sister seldom was.她对朋友很有耐心,她妹妹很少有耐心.
3.as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时,其后的动词必须是be或其它连系动词,而which不受此限制.例如：
I watched the TV play yesterday,which pleased me.我昨天看了这部电视剧,这使我很高兴.
The president died,as /which seemed true.那位总统死了,这好像是真的.
4.由as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于句首、句中、句尾,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只可位于句尾.例如：
众所周知,并不是所有闪光的东西都是金子.
As everyone knows,all that glitters is not gold.
All that glitters,as everyone knows,is not gold.
All that glitters is not gold,as everyone knows.
5.当非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词为be announced /expected /known /imagined /
pointed out /said /reported /shown等被动形式,或usually happen,be often the case等表示主句的习惯性或司空见惯之意时,常用as,而不宜用which.例如：
The Chinese are working-hard,as is known to all.中国人是勤劳的,这是众所周知的.
Kate was late for school,as often happened.凯特上学迟到了,这是她常发生的事.
6.which在非限制性定语从句中可以作定语,而as则不行.例如：
My father asked her to send for a doctor right away,which advice she took.我父亲叫她立刻派人请大夫,她采纳了这个建议.
7.which在非限制性定语从句中可以作介词的宾语,而as则不行.例如：
I called him by the wrong name ,for which mistake I apologized.我叫错了他的名字,为此我向他道了歉.
8.which可在限制性定语从句中或非限制性定语从句中修饰单个名词,而as则不可以.例如：
The problem,which was discussed just now,put us in a difficult situation.
The house which I bought last year is expensive.我去年买的那所房子很贵.
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等.
关系副词有：when, where, why等. 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致.
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书.
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣.（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作宾语 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语.
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了.
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方.
用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词.及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词.例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起.此两题错在关系词的误用上.
内容提要
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种.状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句.名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型.
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略.而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处.
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反.
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了.
3. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
that 和which在一般情况都可以用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词,在从句中作主语、宾语.但在下列情况下一般只用that而不用which ：
-- （1）先行词本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代词时,例如：
Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy .
任何能够燃烧的东西都是热能源.
There must be something that happened to you .你一定出了什么事.
They had nothing that could cure of his disease .他们没有一点能治愈他疾病的东西了.
-- （2）先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或the last, the only等作定语时,例如：
This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧.
That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路.
We have to consider the first thing that starts our work .
我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事.7)当先行词是两个或两个以上的词分别表示人和物时用that.例如：
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.他们谈到了他们熟悉的老师和学校.
（3）在以which,who开头的句子中常用that.例如：
Which is the car that killed the man?撞死那个男子的小车是哪一辆?
（4）time是先行词时,前面如有序数词或last修饰时,定语从句只能用that引导或省略.例如：
This is the last time(that)I shall give you a letter.
The first time(that)I saw him was last year.
4. 然而,在下列情况下却只用which而不用that：
-（1） 当先行词表示事物意义,并且在从句中作介词的宾语,那么就只能用which .当然,如果在口语或非正式文体中,介词没有提前,也就没有这点要求了.例如：
The world in which we live is made of matter .
我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的.
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow .
洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候.
The world that we live in is made of matter.
（正确.因为关系代词虽然在从句中作介词的宾语,但是介词没有提前,所以没有这点要求.）
我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的.
The world in that we live is made of matter.
（错误.因为关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语,而且介词已经提前,所以必须遵从这点要求.）
--（2） 在非限定性定语从句（关于这一点随后就要讲解）中,当关系词表示事物意义时, 只能用which .这是语法所规定的,没有任何解释.例如：
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .
太阳给予大地热,这就使植物的生长成为可能.
The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .最重要的能源形式是电能,它广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之中.
5..as用在such...as,the same...as,so/as...as结构中,as从句后可用省略形式.例如：
Here is so big a stone as I can't carry it.这个石头太大了,我搬不动它.
My hometown is no longer the same(one)as it was.我的家乡跟从前不一样了.
He lived about the same time as Shakespeare.他和莎士比亚生活在同一时代.
注：在the same...as ,the same...that中,当as从句和that从句都属定语从句的范畴时,as引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的事物"相似",即同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的是"同一的"即指同一事物.例如：
This is the same(kind of)bag as I lost yesterday.这个包和我昨天丢失的包的样子是同样的.
This is the same(＝the very bag)that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢失的那个包.
6.which,as的异同：
1.as /which都可用在非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语,指整个主句或主句的一部分.例如：
The meeting was put off,which /as was exactly what we wanted.这次会议延期了,这正是我们所希望的.
This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.这头大象像条蛇,任何人都能看得出这一点.
2.as /which都可用在非限制性定语从句中作表语,指代主句中的表语.例如：
She was very patient to friends ,as /which her sister seldom was.她对朋友很有耐心,她妹妹很少有耐心.
3.as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时,其后的动词必须是be或其它连系动词,而which不受此限制.例如：
I watched the TV play yesterday,which pleased me.我昨天看了这部电视剧,这使我很高兴.
The president died,as /which seemed true.那位总统死了,这好像是真的.
4.由as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于句首、句中、句尾,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只可位于句尾.例如：
众所周知,并不是所有闪光的东西都是金子.
As everyone knows,all that glitters is not gold.
All that glitters,as everyone knows,is not gold.
All that glitters is not gold,as everyone knows.
5.当非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词为be announced /expected /known /imagined /
pointed out /said /reported /shown等被动形式,或usually happen,be often the case等表示主句的习惯性或司空见惯之意时,常用as,而不宜用which.例如：
The Chinese are working-hard,as is known to all.中国人是勤劳的,这是众所周知的.
Kate was late for school,as often happened.凯特上学迟到了,这是她常发生的事.
6.which在非限制性定语从句中可以作定语,而as则不行.例如：
My father asked her to send for a doctor right away,which advice she took.我父亲叫她立刻派人请大夫,她采纳了这个建议.
7.which在非限制性定语从句中可以作介词的宾语,而as则不行.例如：
I called him by the wrong name ,for which mistake I apologized.我叫错了他的名字,为此我向他道了歉.
8.which可在限制性定语从句中或非限制性定语从句中修饰单个名词,而as则不可以.例如：
The problem,which was discussed just now,put us in a difficult situation.
The house which I bought last year is expensive.我去年买的那所房子很贵.