关于语法和词法语法（表语补语什么的什么意思?详细点）和词法（副词连词什么的）那什么是定语？还有系动词等等，最好推荐一本这

关于语法和词法
语法（表语补语什么的什么意思?详细点）和词法（副词连词什么的）
那什么是定语？还有系动词等等，最好推荐一本这方面的书

补语
用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作,因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整,如：make(使...),ask(请)等等.如果我们说：我们使我们的祖国.这不是一句完整的话.应该说：我们使我们的祖国更美丽.这是的“美丽的（beautiful)”为形容词做补语,说明祖国的状态.英语句子为:We will make our country more beautiful.作补语的词或词组为：形容词,副词,名词,不定式,ing形式,数词等.
表语是说明主语身份,职业,性质,状态或特徵的句子成分.
表语形容词在形容词中是特殊的一类.
一、意义
表语形容词是指在句中作表语,（有时也可作状语）,一般不在句中作定语.这些词有：sorry（感到悲伤的,遗憾的）,glad（高兴的,愉快的）, alone（独自的,孤单的）asleep（睡着的,睡熟的）ashamed（感到羞耻的）alike（相同的,一样的）,alive（活着的,活泼的）,awake（醒着的,没睡着的）,afraid（害怕的）,excited（令人兴奋的）,ill（生病的）,interested（有趣的）, pleased（高兴的）.
二、用法
用在系表结构中,这些表语形容词往往放在be get become fall feel look sound等系动词后作表语.
例如：
1．The two books on the desk are alike．
2．The boy in the bed was awake．
3．He is alone at home．
4．She is too ashamed to say aword．
对补语的又一解释:
一、表语的3个内涵：
表1：与主语同位概念；名词位.
例：She is Sally.
例：We are students.
例：The book is mine(my book).
表2：表述主语某个方面；形容词位.
例：She is pretty.
例：Children are happy.
例：The book is interesting.
表3：表1的后置定语替代；名词位.
例：She is from Wuhan.(She is a girl from Wuhan.)
例：We are of class 2.(We are the students of class 2.)
例：This book is for you.(This book is the one for you.)
副词:
副词（adverb）与形容词一样,也是修饰（modi-fy）另一个字,
使其意义显得更特别、更突出（more specific）.
副词通常是修饰动词、形容词或其他副词；也就是回答：何处?（where）,
何时?（when）,为何?（how）或 why ?
副词不论是单字、片语或子句,其用法和功用大致一样.现分别说明：
（1）单字副词（single-word adverb）修饰动词：
（a）指where的单字副词：
例如：
The dictionary is right there.
（字典就在那儿.）
（副词 there,是修饰动词 is,说明 where）
The wind scattered the newspaper everywhere.
（风把报纸吹得到处都是.）
( everywhere 是副词,修饰动词 scattered,说明何处）
My daughter put her baby upstairs.
（我女儿把她的婴儿放在楼上.）
（upstairs 是副词,修饰动词 put,说明 where）
Mr. A is trying to push his career upward.
（A先生想往上推展他的事业.）
（upward 是副词,修饰动词 push,说明 where）
其他指「何处」的单字副词,常用的还有：
here, where, wherever, across, around, backwards, in, out, over,
sideways, through, under, near等.
（b）指when的单字副词：
例如：
Mr. Wong will leave here soon for Taiwan.
（王先生即将离此前往台湾.）
（soon 是副词,修饰动词 leave,说明何时）
Chung-hua Lee always likes to sign his name with “Dr.”
（李中华签名时,总喜欢冠上「博士」字样.）
（always是副词,修饰动词likes,说明常常喜欢,指 when）
The Washington Post comes daily to his home.
（华盛顿邮报每天送报到他家.）
（daily是副词,修饰动词 comes,说明何时）
The ads for his new book finally appeared in the World Journal.
（他的新书广告,最后在世界日报出现.）
（finally是副词,修饰动词appeared,说明 when）
其他指「何时」的单字副词,常用的还有：
when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, until, never, now, once,
forever, seldom, weekly, monthly, year-ly, frequently, eventually, occasionally 等.
（c）指how的单字副词：
例如：
Police cautiously approached the angry crowd.
（警察小心翼翼地靠近愤怒的群众.）
（cautiously 是副词,修饰动词 approached 说明如何靠近）
Mary speaks well in front of many people.
（Mary 在众人面前很会说话.）
（well 是副词,修饰动词 speaks,说明 how）
Many Chinese tend to talk noisily at the table.
（许多华人在公共餐桌上说话很大声.）
（noisily 是副词,修饰talk,说明 how）
（at the table多指公共餐桌,dining table 指家里的餐桌）
After he passed the exam, Mr. A was cheerfully hum-ming（songs）to himself.
（考试通过后,A先生独个儿喜悦地自哼歌曲.）
（cheerfully 是副词,修饰动词片语 was hummin-g,说明 how）（songs可省去）
If you want to help someone, you need to act willingly.
（假如你要帮助某人,你就要显得很乐意.）
（willingly 是副词,修饰act,说明 how）
Millions of Chinese were eagerly awaiting news about Mr. Lian's historic visit to China.
（数百万的中国人,急迫地等待连先生历史性访问中国大陆的消息.）
（eagerly 是副词,修饰 were awaiting,说明如何等待）
（注：historic是指有历史性的,或在历史上会令人记忆的；
但historical是指读历史的,或与历史有关的）
No matter what a person's occupation is, we should treat him/her equally.
（不论一个人从事何种职业,我们都该平等而待之.）
（equally是副词,修饰动词treat,说明如何对待）
When you invite a VIP, will your invitation be coldly accepted?
（当你邀请名人时,你的邀请会被冷漠的接受吗?）
（coldly是副词,修饰will be accepted,说明如何接受）
In order to keep herself slim, Miss Wang hardly eats.
（为了保持身材苗条,王小姐很少吃东西.）
（hardly是副词,修饰动词 eats 说明why?）
The Japanese gover [点击图片可在新窗口打开] ent has resentfully ignored the complaints
about its World WarⅡ crimes.
（日本政府愤怒地不理睬有关其在二次世界大战所犯罪行遭到的抗议.）
（resentfully是副词,修饰has ignored,说明如何不理）
When she heard of her friend's passing away, she al-most cried.
（她听到她朋友去世的消息,几乎哭了.）
（almost 是副词,修饰动词 cried,说明 how）
其他指「how」的单字副词,最常用的又如：
earnestly（诚挚地）,handily（灵巧地）,hotly（热切地）,tirelessly（持久地）,
entirely（完整地）,nicely（恰巧地）,orderly（顺序地）,mildly（温和地）,
excessively（过分地）,thoroughly（彻底地）,scarcely（几乎不）等等.
想知道关于更多副词的内容,请看http://www.4uup.com/4uup/?392/viewspace-4669
连词:
并列连词与并列结构

并列连词引导两个并列的句子.
1) and 与or
判断改错：
(错) They sat down and talk about something.
(错) They started to dance and sang.
(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(对) They sat down and talked about something.
(对) They started to dance and sing.
(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：
第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语,所以 talk 应改为 talked.
第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang 应改为 sing.
第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering.
注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件.（or也有此用法）
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2) both …and 两者都
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.
3) not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且）
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
注意： not only… but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装.
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4) neithe…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致.
Neither you nor he is to blame.
比较and和or

1) 并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句.
2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句.请注意其不同特点：
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and.
典型例题
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and
答案C.否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折.
判断改错：
(错) We will die without air and water.
(错) We can't live without air or water.
(对) We will die without air or water.
(对) We can't live without air and water.
表示选择的并列结构

1) or 意思为"否则".
I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.
2) either…or 意思为"或者……或者……".注意谓语动词采用就近原则.
Either you or I am right.
表示转折或对比

1) but表示转折,while表示对比.
Some people love cats, while others hate them.
典型例题
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D.but与前面形成转折,符合语意.而表并列的and, 结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意.
2) not…but… 意思为"不是……而是……"
not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则.
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
表原因关系

1) for
判断改错：
(错) For he is ill, he is absent today.
(对) He is absent today, for he is ill.
for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间.
2) so, therefore
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
注意：
a. 两个并列连词不能连用,但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用.
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
b. although… yet…,但although不与 but连用.
(错) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..
(对) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.
比较so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定.such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副
词.so 还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much, little连用,形成固定搭配.
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数]
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配.
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换.