你能不能帮我细讲一下高中英语的所有句子成分以及语法结构?

你能不能帮我细讲一下高中英语的所有句子成分以及语法结构?
被动语态为什么只有过去分词

一、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语.
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物.通常用名词或代词担任.
2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态.主要由动词担任.
3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征.通常由名词、代词 或形容词担任.
4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果.通常由名词或代词担任.
有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物(直接宾语),一个指人(间接宾语).间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面.如:He wrote mea letter . (他给我写了一封信)
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语.如:He wrote a letter tome . (他给我写了一封信)
5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任.如:
Shanghaiis a big city .(上海是个大城市)
6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任.如:He works hard .(他工作努力)
7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当.如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)
/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to
learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)
☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况.如:Where is your classmateTom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)
十、简单句
1、简单句的特点:简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成.
2、简单句的种类:简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种.

十一、句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语1、主语:
(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的.如:The
painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画.) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗.) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals
is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类.)
(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后.如:It is very comfortable to
have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了.) / Eating too much is bad for
your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.)
(吃得太多对你的身体不利.)
(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么.)/
(It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系.) / (I) thank you.
((我)谢谢你.)
(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗?) / Tigers are dangerous animals,aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)
(5)祈使句一般省略主语.加主语时往往用来指定某个人.Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁.) (省略了主语) / You go there andfetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来.)
(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后.如:Computers
are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂.) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿?)
/ Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)
(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求.Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试.) / The Chinese peopleare a hardworking and bravepeople. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族.)
(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”.

2、谓语:
(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”.如:

He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行.) / Who teaches you English this
year?(今年谁教你们的英语?) / The pizza has gone
bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏.) /
(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:［情态动词］+［时态助动词］+［语态助动词］+［主要动词］(不一定全部出现).(见动词的时态和语态构成表)　记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词.如:
I am sorry I ammaking so much
noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样.) / Hecan’t havefinished reading the
800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说.) / Something mustbedone
to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止
禽流感蔓延.)
(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”.
记住使用下列正确形式:
①情态动词+原形动词.如:You’d better go over the lesson.（你最好复习这一课.）
②shall/ will/ would+原形动词.如:They should have been there once.（他们应该去过那儿.）
③be+现在分词或者过去分词.如:What are you doingthis evening?（今晚你打算做什么?）/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐.）
④have+过去分词.如:Many trees havebeencut down since 1970s.（意思同上）
⑤一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形动词.如:He does not enjoy himself
very much.（他日子过的不好.）/ Did any of you see
dinosaur eggs?（你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?）
⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式).如:He
made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿定主意要做个兽医.）/ Feeling good about yourself is
essential to feeling good about life.（自尊自爱是享受生活的根本.）/ They wake up the
other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”（他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐!）/ The kings of ancient Egypt had
strong tombs built for themselves.（古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓.）
(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词.
(5)谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”；复数形式的动词有:are,were,have以及动词原形.其他动词不分单、复数.
谓语部分第一个动词的形式 单数形式 复数形式
一般现在时be(是)动词；现在某些时态和语态的助动词be am (单一); are (单二); is (单三); are
一般过去时be(是)动词；过去某些时态和语态的助动词be was (单一); were (单二); was;(单三) were
一般现在时have(有)动词；现在完成时态的助动词have have (单一); have (单二); has (单三); have
一般现在时行为动词和助动词do do (单一、单二); does (单三) do
实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词（否定和疑问句除外） 原形动词(单一、单二); 动词+s /es (单三) 原形动词
其他各时态语态的谓语动词 单复数形式相同
记住:主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致.（参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:”）Air andwateris necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的.)
(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形).如:TheOlympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗?----是的.)
3、宾语:
(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”.如: The angel also came to
Joseph and toldhimthe same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情.)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so
much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱.)(不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football
games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课.)(动名词作宾语) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的.)(从句作宾语)
(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词.Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to.) / Can you hearanything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗?)
(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首.介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首.如:What did he see? (他看见了什么?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信?) / With what does he write aletter? (他用什么写的信?)
(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间.如:Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来.) / Please put away the shoes.
(请把鞋子收起来.) / Please put them
away. (请把它们收起来.)
(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构:
①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物).如:Heoften gives mesome help. (他常常帮我.)
②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语.注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如:Please make mea kite. (请给我做个风筝.)或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去.如:I found the jobrather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做.) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.
(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”.

4、表语:
(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当.如:He became a doctor
after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生.) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边.) / He does not feel like eating
anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒.) / Who is it?(谁呀?)
(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如:be,look,become,turnget,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外.
(3)代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾.如:It’s I. (It’s me.)是我.
(4) 只能作表语的形容词有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等.He was terribly sorry for his
carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚.) / Please make no noise here; the baby
is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢.) / I am only interested
in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣.) / I am not alone in
thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的.)
(5)表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”.

5、定语:
(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识.如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里.) / France and Switzerland are European
countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家.) / His mother and
father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师.) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子.)
(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序:
冠词/物代 年龄/形状/大小/温度 色彩 来源 质地/材料 目的/用途 被修饰的名词(中心词)
athemyhis… old,young,… red,yellow,blue,… Chinese,English, American,… wooden,woolen,glass,silk,paper… meeting,tennis,sports,reading,swimming,… box,shoes,room,pig…
long,short,round, square…
big, large,small, little…
hot, cold, warm, cool…
(3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面.如:I could not find my way out,so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿.)
(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的.)
(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置.如:He remembered everything unusual.(他记得所有不寻常的事情.)
(6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见定语从句.
(7) 注意:由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分.
6、状语:
(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当.如:I was not born yesterday.（我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃.）/ For many of these
familiesa college education was something new.（对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物.）/ He woke upto find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了.) / You cannot leave until your work
is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)
(2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活,详见《六·2》“副词在句子中的位置以及作用”；介词短语作状语,位置基本固定,详见《七·4》“介词短语在句子中的位置”；不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果,详见《八·7》“动词的非谓语形式”；从句作状语,详见《主从复合句》的“状语从句”.
(3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念.如:He went ouf of the roomat
a quarter to 23:00last night and then
disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中.) /
(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等.详见“状语从句”.
(5) 注意:由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分.

7、宾语补足语:
(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当.如:Call him Jim,
please. (请叫他Jim.) / I tried my best to make him happy.
(我竭尽所能让他开心.) / Ask her to come to
dinner tomorrow. (请他明天来.) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him.
(他让小动物们给他带食物来.)阿
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语.如:Let him in, I tell you!
(我跟你说,让他进来!)/
Please put it away. (请把它收起来.)
(3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语的情况,详见《八·7》“动词的非谓语形式”相关内容.
十二、简单句五种基本句型:
句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型:
1、基本句型的词序: 2、划分符号(没有统一规定,仅供参考):

主谓句型：S－Vi.主系表句型：S－Vlink－P主谓宾句型：S－Vt.－O主谓双宾句型：S－Vt－O间宾－O直宾主谓宾补句型：S－Vt－O－C


3、例句:Jimis working [very hard] [now].（他现在正非常努力地工作.）
Sheisyoung. （她年轻.） Itlookslike rain. （天看上去要下雨.）
The
boy [always] kickedthe dog [with
his feet]. （这男孩老是用脚踢那只狗.）
Hehas [never] boughtmea toy [since last year]. （从去年起他没给我买过一个玩具.）
Hefeltsomething (cold).（他感到有个冰冷的东西顺着腿上爬.）