英语翻译翻译：不要翻译器直接翻出来的,要求很简单,只要意思正确语句通顺即可,Two of the areas where

英语翻译
翻译：不要翻译器直接翻出来的,要求很简单,只要意思正确语句通顺即可,Two of the areas where there has been a fair amount of empirical work has been on the impact of FDI on growth and productivity.Because China has been so tremendously successful in attracting FDI,this literature is an important part of assessing the promise of foreign investment in a developing country context.Beginning with growth,applications of the most standard type with some combination of capital and labor explaining GDP growth,find that FDI makes significant contributions to growth (Chen,Chang and Zhang 1995; Sun 1998).These types of studies should be treated with caution,however,because FDI could be capturing the contributions of public policy to growth and therefore overstating its effects.We deal with this issue by constructing the policy variable ‘liberalization,’ discussed below.Also,these studies do not address the direction of causality:it is just as likely that GDP growth induces FDI as the other way around.In another study,Shan,Tiann,and Sun (1999) test whether industrial growth in China is Granger-caused by FDI or vice versa.They find a two-way causality between industrial growth and FDI,that both FDI-led growth and growth drawing FDI are supported by the empirical evidence,indicating that the relationship between FDI and growth is more complex than simple studies would suggest.More complex approaches draw on the insights of endogenous growth theory,emphasizing the indirect effects of FDI on growth through productivity spillovers and forward and backward linkages.These analyses are based on the premise that much of the value of FDI comes in the form of ideas and technological spillovers,as multinationals bring with them managerial know-how,international connections,and technologically advanced production processes,all of which combine to enhance a locale’s overall productivity beyond what FDI directly contributes to domestic investment.Shang-Jin Wei (1996),in an analysis of Chinese city-level data covering 1988-90,finds that holding the growth of inputs constant,a one percent increase in the share of foreign-invested firms in city output in 1988 is associated with a 0.32 percent higher growth rate in output,although he does not control for policy.In a different approach that focuses on total factor productivity,Dees (1998) adds a policy variable by controlling for openness,and finds that FDI contributed to Chinese growth only in the 1990s.In a similar analysis,Wei (1995) finds that FDI becomes significant for growth beginning in the late 1980s.

二的地区,有已经是经验的一个公平量工作已经开始了了碰撞的外国直接投资在发展和生产率.因为中国已经是如此巨大成功在吸引外国直接投资,这个文学一个重要部分评估外国投资的承诺在一个开发凑国家context.beginning同发展,大多数的应用标准型同一些组合劳资双方说明国内生产总值发展,发现那外国直接投资构造重大贡献发展(陈,藏,张1995;太阳1998).这些研究类型将治疗小心谨慎,然而,因为外国直接投资可以是俘公共政策的贡献发展,因此夸大它的影响.我们处理说完这个问题附近的的想出政策变数‘自由化,'讨论below.also,这些论文不要地址因果关系的方向:它正如可能,克国内生产总值发展,发现那外国直接投资构造重大贡献发展(陈,藏,张1995;太阳1998).这些研究类型将治疗小心谨慎,然而,因为外国直接投资可以是俘公共政策的贡献发展,因此夸大它的影响.我们处理这个问题附近的的想出政策变数‘自由化,'讨论below.also,这些论文不要地址因果关系的方向:它正如可能那国内生产总值发展促使外国直接投资由于从相反方向.在另一的论文,山,甜妞,太阳(1999)测试是否工业增长在中国这个问题附近的的想出政策变数‘自由化,'讨论below.also,这些论文不要地址因果关系的方向:它正如可能那国内生产总值发展促使外国直接投资由于从相反方向.在另一的论文,山,甜妞,太阳(1999)测试是否工业增长在总