英语翻译社会生活中的伦理冲突不仅表现在个人利益与社会整体规范之间的冲突,而且更多地表现在当人们在面对各种不同的社会规范时

英语翻译
社会生活中的伦理冲突不仅表现在个人利益与社会整体规范之间的冲突,而且更多地表现在当人们在面对各种不同的社会规范时,所产生的无所适从的困惑与两难抉择.这种冲突首先体现在不同的文化类型之间的冲突.由于历史和宗教等原因,不同地域、不同宗教信仰的人们,在长期的社会生活中形成了各自不同的文化心理和风俗习惯,从而形成了不同的伦理道德规范.两种不同的文化相遇,就会产生相应的碰撞与冲突,许多冲突事件或国际争论往往就是由伦理文化的差异引起的.比如,一夫多妻在阿拉伯地区是合理合法的,而在英美和我国则为道德和法律所不允许.近代欧洲探险者曾发现北美大陆某部落的人杀死年老的父母为其送终,以减少老人的痛苦,而这是我们大多数文明社会的人们所不能忍受的.又如,在基督教文化中,生命是神圣不可侵犯,无论出于任何目的和原因的堕胎都等于谋杀,都是不允许的.安乐死也是一样.而世俗道德则从怀孕者的立场出发,或出于某些功利目的,允许一定条件下的堕胎.此外,其出于对生命高贵性的认同和对人的自主权利的尊重,也允许一定条件下实施安乐死.由此可见,在不同的文化背景下,社会的伦理规范是不一样,甚至是大相径庭的.
　　即使在同一种文化内部,也会出现各领域和行业内的职业道德规范与社会整体道德规范之间的不一致甚至相背离的情况,体现出伦理道德规范的多层次性和适用范围的特殊性.如新闻媒体记者既要忠于事实,准确及时报道事实真相,同时又要在必要的时候顾及某些人的利益和感受,或为保守国家机密而隐瞒事实的真相.科学家的职业道德是科学和创新,但面对有些道德禁区,如像克隆人和试管婴儿的科学实验,科学家该以何者为先?医生以挽救病人生命为最高宗旨,但面对痛苦万分、生不如死的病患,是否该实施安乐死?这些都是不同的职业领域道德冲突的表现.
　　在同一文化内部,由于历史和社会条件的改变,导致原来的伦理规范所适用的具体社会环境发生改变,传统的社会伦理规范不能有效地规范或调节当下人们的利益和行为,也会导致传统与当下人们的伦理观念之间的矛盾与冲突.比如,在以家族血缘为基础的传统社会中,“三纲”、“五伦”不仅是调节家庭成员之间关系的伦理准则,而且也是整个社会调节不同利益阶层和阶级之间利益和道德关系的伦理准则.而随着以家族血缘关系为基础的社会的解体,在新的以个体为主导的公民社会里,公民之间的平等关系、公民与国家之间的法律关系,取代了传统的等级服从关系,调解人们之间关系的伦理规范和道德理念也会发生相应的变化.传统社会的“孝”要求“父母在,不远游”,而现代社会人口的频繁流动,使得即使再孝顺的儿女,都不可能一直恭顺地守在父母身边.传统所谓的“夫为妻纲”、“父为子纲”,则更是失去了其赖以存在的社会基础.如果在新的条件下,当事人还想以传统的规范来要求对方的行为,必然会产生冲突,表现出其不适应性.
　　随着科学技术的进步,社会正发生着日新月异的变化,大量新情况、新问题的出现,使得原本明确单一的伦理规范显得措手不及,无法再有效地规范和指导我们的社会生活和行为,并有可能从根本上冲击和颠覆我们已有的伦理规范和道德理念.例如,随着科学技术的不断进步,医学技术的迅速发展,试管婴儿的出现、人类器官的大量移植以及“克隆人”问题的出现,不仅对人类已有的伦理关系和伦理观念带来混乱,而且对“人”的定义和理解将带来根本性的变革.信息技术的发展也对人们传统的交往方式和伦理观念带来极大冲击.如何应对和处理这些突如其来的伦理变革和冲突,就成为当前无论伦理学还是医学和科学界,甚至整个社会亟待解决的问题.

The ethical conflicts of social life not only in the conflict between the interests of the individual and society as a whole specification,and more is when people in the face of a variety of social norms,the uncertain of the confusion and dilemma.The conflict first embodied in the conflict between different cultures.Due to historical and religious reasons,such as people of different regions,different religious beliefs,in the long-term social life formed their own different customs and cultural psychology,thus formed the different ethical code of ethics.The two different cultures meet,can produce the corresponding collision and conflict,conflict of many events or international debate is usually caused by cultural differences in ethical.Polygamy,for example,in the Arab region is legitimate,and in Britain and the United States and China are not allowed by moral and law.Modern European explorers have found the north American continent tribal people kill their elderly parents to close their eyes,to reduce the pain of the old man,and this is our most of the civilized society in which people can't stand.As another example,in the Christian culture,life is sacred,no matter for any purpose and reason for abortion is equal to murder,is not allowed.Euthanasia is the same.While secular morality from the standpoint of the people who are pregnant,or for some utilitarian purpose,allow abortion under a certain condition.In addition,due to its life identification with dignity and respect for the independent right of the people,also allows euthanasia under certain conditions.Thus,under the different cultural background,social ethics is not the same,even is very different.
Even within the same culture,also can appear in various areas and in the industry between ethics and social whole ethics inconsistent even diverge,embody the ethical and moral norms of multilayered and the particularity of the applicable scope.Such as the news media reporters should be loyal to the fact that accurate and timely report the truth,at the same time to consider the interests of some people when necessary and feelings,or to keep state secrets and conceal the truth of the matter.Scientists work ethic is the science and innovation,but in the face of some moral area,such as clone and ivf scientific experiments,scientists should what first?The doctor to save the patient as the highest aim of life,but in the face of agony,patients were dead,the implementation of euthanasia?These are all different professions moral conflict.
Within the same culture,due to historical and social conditions change,causes the original ethics applicable to specific social environment change,the traditional social ethics can not effectively regulate or adjust the present people's interests and behavior,can also lead to the contradiction between the tradition and the present people's ethics and conflict.For example,in the traditional family kinship based society,the "three cardinal guides","acquisition" is not only adjust the code of ethics of relationship between family members,but also the society as a whole to adjust benefit and the moral relations between different interest groups and class code of ethics.As on the basis of family blood relationship of social disintegration,in the new society dominated by individual citizens,the equal relationship between citizens,citizen and the legal relationships between countries,replaced the traditional service relationship,regulating the relationship between ethics and moral concept will change accordingly.In traditional society of "filial piety" requirements "parents,not to travel",and the frequent flow of population in modern society,makes even filial sons and daughters,is impossible to keep in his parents always humbly.Traditional so-called "husband for his wife","the father to son," it is lost on the social basis.If under the new conditions,the parties also want to in the traditional specification to demands of each other's behavior,will inevitably produce conflict,showing its inadaptability.
With the progress of science and technology,and the change of the social changes happening in the emergence of a large number of new situations and new problems,already made a clear single ethics seem to be caught off guard,unable to effectively regulate and guide our social life and behavior,and is likely to impact and fundamentally overturn our existing ethics and moral philosophy.For example,with the constant progress of science and technology,the rapid development of medical technology,the emergence of the test-tube baby,of human organ transplantation,and the emergence of the problem of "human cloning",not only for human chaos existing ethical relationship and ethical ideas,and understanding the definition of "people" and will bring fundamental change.The development of information technology and traditional way of communication and ethics to people with great impact.How to respond to and deal with the sudden ethical change and conflict,has become the current ethics and medical and scientific community,and even the society as a whole to solve the problem.