英语翻译The Chinese already possessed,in the towers called lou a

英语翻译
The Chinese already possessed,in the towers called lou and ch’ueh,multistoreyed timber buildings which could be adapted to this new purpose (see p.82).The Chinese examples of this period have all perished,but the pagodas at Horyuji and Yakushiji near Nara in Japan still stand as monuments to this simple,graceful style.The earliest surviving dateable pagoda on Chinese soil,however,is the twelve-sided stone tower on Mount Sung in Honan,erected in about 520.It has no surviving Chinese antecedents.Its profile echoes the curve of the Indian sikhara tower; the arched recesses on the main faces recall the niches on the great stupa at Bodhgaya,and,as Soper has observed,many of the details are Indian,or based on Southeast Asian modifications of the Indian style found in the kingdom of Champa,with which China was now in contact.But gradually the Indian elements were absorbed,and the later stone and brick pagodas imitate,in their surface treatment,the posts,Brackets,and projecting roofs of their Chinese timber prototypes.
At Bamiyan in Afghanistan a high cliff more than a mile in length had been hollowed out into cave shrines decorated with frescoes and bracketed at either end by colossal standing Buddha figures carved out of the rock,plastered and painted.This fashion for decorated cave shrines,which had originated in India,spread to Khotan,Kucha,and other central Asian city-states,where the already syncretic Graeco-Indian tradition of painting and sculpture became mixed with the flat,heraldic,decorative style of Parthia and Sasanian Persia.The routes that skirted the Taklamakan Desert joined at Tunhuang,the gateway to China.There,in A.D.366,pilgrims had hewn from the soft rock the first of what were to develop during the next thousand years into a range of nearly five hundred chambers and niches set about with plaster sculpture and adorned with frescoes.Further stages on the pilgrim route into China were marked by cave shrines at Ping-ling-ssu,about fifty miles southwest of Lanchow,and Mai-chi-shan,twenty-eight miles southeast of T’ien-shui.The former was only rediscovered in 1951,while restoration of the latter,which had always been known to the people of th T’ien-shui district,did not begin till 1953.In their spectacular sites and the quality and richness of their sculpture these shrines surpass Tunhuang,whose glory lies chiefly in its paintings.
BUDDHIST SCULPTURE UNDER THE NORTHERN WEI:THE FIRST PHASE
In 386 Toba Turks established their ascendancy over North China as the Wei Dynasty,with their capital at Ta-t’ung.Their rulers had embraced Buddhism with enthusiasm,for,like the Kushans in India,they were excluded from the traditional social and religious system of those they had conquered.At the urging of the overseer of monks,T’an-yao,they began,soon after 460,to hew out of the cliffs at Yunkang a series of shrines.

中国已拥有,在塔称为卢和ch,'ueh multistoreyed木材建筑物,能够满足这个新的目标(见82页).这一时期的中国的例子都灭亡,但在Horyuji和Yakushiji佛塔附近在日本奈良还在为古迹这个简单、优雅的风格.最高幸存的dateable塔在中国的土地上,然而,是石头twelve-sided塔在河南唱山竖立在大约520.它没有幸存的中国先例.这款车的外形回声印度的曲线席哈拉楼;拱形的凹穴的主要面临着回忆群落在伟大的佛塔,作为Bodhgaya Soper观察到,很多细节是印第安人,或基于东南亚修改印度风格的发现一切的国,中国现在在接触.但慢慢地印度元素,以及后来就被吸收,石头和砖宝塔模仿,在他们的表面处理、门槛、支架、突出屋顶的中国木材原型.
在阿富汗在巴米扬的一处高崖上长度超过一哩深挖空了在洞穴壁画和装饰圣地着他们巨大两端幻立佛人物雕刻出来的岩石上,贴和绘画作品.这个流行的时尚,装修洞穴圣地,波及源自印度英等中心脚下,在亚洲城邦Graeco-Indian已融合的绘画和雕塑的传统和房子,混合了heraldic、装饰风格,Parthia萨珊王朝计画.路线塔克拉玛干沙漠,绕过连在一起Tunhuang,网关到中国.在那里,在A.D.366凿,朝圣者从软岩头的那在未来,以提供千年到一系列近500室和利基市场开始用石膏雕塑和装饰着壁画.进一步舞台进入中国朝圣者的路线是受了他的印记在山洞的神祠平-