作业帮关于中国改革开放三十周年的英文演讲稿 周五之前交付
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关于中国改革开放三十周年的英文演讲稿 周五之前交付
大学演讲比赛
不需要很长啊
800个词左右
大学演讲比赛
不需要很长啊
800个词左右
Changes and challenges with China's 30 years reform and opening up
This autumn was a season of revelry and national pride for the Chinese. Not yet recovered from the spectacular summer Olympics in August, the whole nation had something else to celebrate as its first taikonaut waved a Chinese flag in a maiden spacewalk.
Through the live broadcast of the mission, tens of millions of Chinese saw, at around 4:40 p.m. (Beijing Time) on Sept. 27, Zhai Zhigang, strenuously open the hatch of Shenzhou-7. You could hear the wheezing sound as he floated around in the four million dollar (U.S.) China-made Feitian EVA suit. The 42-year-old, squarefaced taikonaut stayed in space for about 20 minutes, accomplishing China''s first extravehicular activity in space.
Zhai''s spacewalk marked incredible progress in the country''s ambitious space program. This was just the third time China launched manned spacecraft. The first manned space flight was in 2003. A second flight with two astronauts followed in 2005. The only other countries to successfully stage a spacewalk are Russia and the United States.
China''s rapid development in space, science and technology, is attributed to growing industrial strength, a booming economy and vast scientific potential, experts said.
REFORM AND OPENING UP
The Shenzhou-7 story is but one example of China''s extraordinary transformation over the past three decades.
After realizing the old system of a highly centralized, planned economy and a semi-closed country did not work, the Chinese people resolutely embarked on a historic journey of reform and opening-up in the late 1970s.
The initiative was made by late Chinese leader, Deng Xiaoping as well as other senior leaders who gathered for the Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1978.
The plenum introduced a series of important decisions on reform which represented a turning point in the history of the CPC and New China since its founding in 1949.
Since then, several events have taken place which have shaped the country.
In December 1978, 18 farmers in Xiaogang village, east China''s Anhui Province, signed a secret agreement to divide community-owned farmland into pieces for household contract.
The move was supported by late leader Deng Xiaoping, chief architect of China''s reform and opening. It was also recognized by the government, which then initiated the system of contracted responsibilities based on the household in rural areas.
On July 15, 1979, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council changed policies regarding foreign economic activities to make them more flexible. Special economic zones were also set up in the cities of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen.
The construction and development of special economic zones and opening-up zones prompted the creation of a group of regional economic growth centers.
During his tour to South China in 1992, when China''s reform and opening-up drive came to a crucial juncture, Deng Xiaoping set about defining socialism as the pursuit of common prosperity. Deng delivered a series of speeches to define and clarify what was and how to build socialism in response to doubts as a result of the developing special economic zones. Some people thought the zones were a road to capitalism.
"Practice of a planned economy is not equivalent to socialism because there is also planning under capitalism; Practice of a market economy is not equivalent to capitalism because there are also markets under socialism," said Deng in one of his most repeated quotes.
Experts believe Deng''s simple but penetrating paradox paved the way for China''s switch from a planned economy to a market economy.
That economy has grown rapidly as a result of foreign trade. In 1996, China''s total foreign trade volume accounted for 35.5 percent of its GDP. Now, it accounts for nearly 70 percent of the GDP.
Twenty-three years after the launch of the opening-up policy and 52 years after the founding of People''s Republic of China, the country entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 to become its 143rd member.
"China''s negotiations for the accession to the multilateral trading system over the past 15 years have been an integral part of the process of its reform and opening up from the beginning to the end," said the then Chinese foreign trade minister Shi Guangsheng.
The Chinese government launched reforms of the exchange rate system on July 21, 2005, introducing a managed floating foreign exchange rate system after discontinuing the former foreign exchange regime pegged to the U.S. dollar.
The goal of the exchange rate reform is to build a managed, floating exchange rate mechanism based on market supply and demand. It should also maintain the yuan''s basic stability at a reasonable equilibrium, said the central bank.
China opened its financial sector to foreign banks in December, 2006. Before that, China had dropped tariffs, canceled non-tariff measures and opened up its market in accordance with the pledge it made when joining the WTO.
HISTORIC CHANGES
"Thirty years of reform and opening up have brought about historic changes in China''s development -- the planned economic system has been smashed gradually and a market economic system has basically shaped up, creating a rocketing economy that is now the fourth largest in the world," said Chi Fulin, executive president of the China Institute for Reform and Development.
From 1978 to 2007, China''s gross domestic product (GDP) had grown by 9.6 percent annually from 216.5 billion U.S. dollars to 3.6 trillion dollars. Fiscal revenue had also grown over 44-fold from 113.2 billion yuan to 5130 billion yuan, greatly swelling the nation''s coffers and contributing substantially to China''s enhanced overall national strength.
Although it fell by 1.8 percent over the same period last year, China''s GDP surged by 10.4 percent in the January to June period, when the country saw rising domestic consumption, investment and exports.
More money allowed China to solve its problem of feeding 1.3 billion people. Compared with 1978, grain output had increased from about 300 billion kg to 500 billion kg in 2007. Amid world shortages of food and soaring prices, China''s food supply and prices remain stable.
The World Bank hailed China''s reform and opening-up drive as the largest poverty reduction campaign ever launched in world history. China was particularly recognized for reducing the number of rural people in abject poverty.
Statistics show that in 1978, when the reform and opening-up started, China had 250 million extremely poor people in its countryside, or 31 percent of its rural population. The figure declined to 15 million, or 1.6 percent, by the end of 2007.
While boosting the economy, China has tried to maintain a balanced development, including social security, health and education.
During the past three decades, China has made nine-year compulsory education free throughout the country. It has launched a new type of cooperative medical care system, mainly financed by the government, for the country''s 800 million farmers. China has also set up a system of village and community self-governance for rural and urban residents. It has also introduced in government transparency, democratic oversight and direct elections at the community level, said Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao.
China''s booming economy is providing residents ever rising living standards and a better quality of life.
"Ask people around you, 90 or even 99 percent would say their lives have improved in the past 30 years," said Xuan Yuhong, a farmer of Suixian County, central China''s Henan Province, who built a two-story house recently.
"In the 70s, big cities like Beijing and Shanghai had decaying buildings, full of bicycles day and night, poorly lighted streets, everyone in grey or blue Mao jackets," said 85-year-old Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore''s first prime minister.
"Now China''s cities, those along the coast, have spanking new high-rises, wide motorways, bridges and tunnels across the Yangtze River to Pudong, Maglev train from the new airport in Shanghai to Pudong, colorful dresses for women and men in lounge suits or in blouses and jeans. The people dress like any modern city in Japan, South Korea, or Singapore," said Lee.
INTEGRAL PART OF GLOBAL FAMILY
In addition to enabling the Chinese to lead a better life, China''s gain in prosperity is also good for the rest of the world, former Dutch ambassador to China, Dirk Jan van den Berg said.
"Imagine that China is still closed off from the world, with a quite strained capacity to produce enough food for the Chinese people, we would be facing a completely different situation, perhaps a much more difficult one."
Argemiro Procopio, professor of international relations at Brasilia University, Brazil, said, "In the world today, poor people, who did not have money to buy shoes, buy Chinese shoes and clothes now. And those who did not have money to buy toys for their children are now buying Chinese-made toys because they are cheap."
In 1978, China''s GDP accounted for only one percent of the world economy, whereas its share rose to above 5 percent in 2007. In 1978, China''s share of global trade was less than 1 percent. In2007, its share jumped to about 8 percent.
China''s development has opened a huge market for international capital, attracting over 780 billion U.S. dollars of net foreign investment over the last 30 years. Direct overseas investment by Chinese companies had also grown substantially.
China''s development has boosted growth of the global economy and trade. With imports growing at an average annual rate of 16.7 percent since 1978, China has become the world''s third largest import market and Asia''s top import market.
China now contributes to more than 10 percent of global economic growth and more than 12 percent of global trade expansion. China''s average annual import volume is close to 560 billion U.S. dollars, generating some 10 million jobs for its trade partners, Chinese President Hu Jintao said. "The past 30 years of reform and opening-up have told us that China cannot develop itself in isolation from the world. And it is equally true that the world cannot enjoy prosperity or stability without China," President Hu said.
CHALLENGES
Despite the new-found wealth, prosperity has come at a price. One negative effect is serious environmental damage.
Chinese Academy of Sciences Professor Shi Mingjun said exploitation of natural resources, ecological degradation and environmental pollution, has outweighed China''s economic benefits in recent years
Under a research program, Shi said the cost of environmental damage was 2.75 trillion yuan (401.7 billion U.S. dollars) in 2005,while the growth in gross domestic product (GDP) for the same year was 2.24 trillion yuan.
"As the nation''s growth pattern has changed little over the past two years, the conclusions are likely to be the same for 2006and 2007," Shi said.
"It is impossible for China, a country of 1.3 billion people, to follow the old model of the developed countries by consuming large quantities of energy at the expense of the environment," Chinese Vice Premier Wang Qishan said.
Another problem is the uneven distribution of wealth. Official data from 2007 showed the country''s Gini Coefficient , which measures the inequality of income distribution, has surpassed the warning mark of 0.4, with the per capita GDP of eastern coastal Shanghai standing around 76,000 yuan (11,102 U.S. dollars), more than 13 times that of the rural southwestern Guizhou province.
"The growing income gap among people could increase tension in society, and could nourish wrong developments in terms of crime," former Dutch ambassador to China Van den Berg warned.
Regional disparity remains big. After 30 years of reform and opening up, China''s coastal area has moved from the primary industrialization stage to high-grade industrialization. The western inland is still in the preliminary stage of big economic development.
Meanwhile, economic operations in China now face a series of challenges and uncertainties.
Industrial output in the Pearl and Yangtze River deltas, the nation''s two most important growth engines, rose at a markedly slower pace. Many small- and medium-sized companies, particularly exporters of low-end products, are faced with increasing labor costs.
Also, coastal areas are feeling the pressure of inflation. The price of finished oil remains high, the transport capacity of coal, electricity and oil is tight and prices of raw materials keep rising.
Companies also suffer from decreasing overseas consumer demand, a result of the troubled world economy. "It shows we are not at the end of the reform process," said Chi Fulin, Executive President of the China Institute for Reform and Development.
INSTITUTIONAL RESTRUCTURING
Chinese leaders are clear minded and steadfast that the drive to reform and open-up the country should speed up.
"Today, if we want to resolve the deep-seated problems that constrain China''s social and economic development, if we want to realize scientific development, we must unswervingly continue to reform and open up," said Chinese President Hu Jintao.
Having gotten rid of poverty on the whole, the country is setting its sights on streamlining the market and administrative systems to build a moderately prosperous society.
"If the past reform was aimed at ensuring enough food and clothing for the people, it is now aimed at goals at a higher level," said Prof. Wang Yukai of the National School of Administration.
On June 25, 2008 China set a guideline for a new round of institutional reform of the State Council, the country''s Cabinet, in an effort to build up a service-oriented, responsible, law-abiding and clean government.
The proposal for institutional overhaul of the central government was endorsed by Chinese lawmakers in mid-March. It involves the establishment of "super ministries" to deal with energy, transport, industry and environmental protection.
Observers say the planned institutional restructuring of the State Council is part of the reform in the political system.
"The conduct of the government is closely related to the achievements of the reform and opening-up drive," said Chi Fulin with China Institute for Reform and Development.
Since the SARS crisis in 2003, people have seen transformation of the government as one of the keys to changing the mode of economic development, said Chi.
"Without substantial changes in government functions, the change in the mode of economic development would be very difficult or even unreachable," he added.
In fact, institutional government restructuring has been tried in a few localities in the past few years. Encouraging results have been reported.
Seven years ago, Shenzhen, the pacesetter of China''s reform and opening up, started pioneering the restructuring of its administrative departments.
"We concentrate the administration of marine, land and air transport in the Transportation Bureau, industry and domestic and foreign trade in the Trade and Industry Bureau, and the management of radio, TV, culture, press and publication, and copy rights in the Culture Bureau," said Xu Zongheng, mayor of Shenzhen.
"These functions formerly scattered in different departments and the reshuffle has resulted in evident improvement of efficiency," said Xu.
Competitive elections of Party officials in neighborhood committees and village committees will be put into practice soon, he added.
http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/26373
http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20081010/876/twl-china-s-30-years-of-reform-and-openi_1.html
This autumn was a season of revelry and national pride for the Chinese. Not yet recovered from the spectacular summer Olympics in August, the whole nation had something else to celebrate as its first taikonaut waved a Chinese flag in a maiden spacewalk.
Through the live broadcast of the mission, tens of millions of Chinese saw, at around 4:40 p.m. (Beijing Time) on Sept. 27, Zhai Zhigang, strenuously open the hatch of Shenzhou-7. You could hear the wheezing sound as he floated around in the four million dollar (U.S.) China-made Feitian EVA suit. The 42-year-old, squarefaced taikonaut stayed in space for about 20 minutes, accomplishing China''s first extravehicular activity in space.
Zhai''s spacewalk marked incredible progress in the country''s ambitious space program. This was just the third time China launched manned spacecraft. The first manned space flight was in 2003. A second flight with two astronauts followed in 2005. The only other countries to successfully stage a spacewalk are Russia and the United States.
China''s rapid development in space, science and technology, is attributed to growing industrial strength, a booming economy and vast scientific potential, experts said.
REFORM AND OPENING UP
The Shenzhou-7 story is but one example of China''s extraordinary transformation over the past three decades.
After realizing the old system of a highly centralized, planned economy and a semi-closed country did not work, the Chinese people resolutely embarked on a historic journey of reform and opening-up in the late 1970s.
The initiative was made by late Chinese leader, Deng Xiaoping as well as other senior leaders who gathered for the Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1978.
The plenum introduced a series of important decisions on reform which represented a turning point in the history of the CPC and New China since its founding in 1949.
Since then, several events have taken place which have shaped the country.
In December 1978, 18 farmers in Xiaogang village, east China''s Anhui Province, signed a secret agreement to divide community-owned farmland into pieces for household contract.
The move was supported by late leader Deng Xiaoping, chief architect of China''s reform and opening. It was also recognized by the government, which then initiated the system of contracted responsibilities based on the household in rural areas.
On July 15, 1979, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council changed policies regarding foreign economic activities to make them more flexible. Special economic zones were also set up in the cities of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen.
The construction and development of special economic zones and opening-up zones prompted the creation of a group of regional economic growth centers.
During his tour to South China in 1992, when China''s reform and opening-up drive came to a crucial juncture, Deng Xiaoping set about defining socialism as the pursuit of common prosperity. Deng delivered a series of speeches to define and clarify what was and how to build socialism in response to doubts as a result of the developing special economic zones. Some people thought the zones were a road to capitalism.
"Practice of a planned economy is not equivalent to socialism because there is also planning under capitalism; Practice of a market economy is not equivalent to capitalism because there are also markets under socialism," said Deng in one of his most repeated quotes.
Experts believe Deng''s simple but penetrating paradox paved the way for China''s switch from a planned economy to a market economy.
That economy has grown rapidly as a result of foreign trade. In 1996, China''s total foreign trade volume accounted for 35.5 percent of its GDP. Now, it accounts for nearly 70 percent of the GDP.
Twenty-three years after the launch of the opening-up policy and 52 years after the founding of People''s Republic of China, the country entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 to become its 143rd member.
"China''s negotiations for the accession to the multilateral trading system over the past 15 years have been an integral part of the process of its reform and opening up from the beginning to the end," said the then Chinese foreign trade minister Shi Guangsheng.
The Chinese government launched reforms of the exchange rate system on July 21, 2005, introducing a managed floating foreign exchange rate system after discontinuing the former foreign exchange regime pegged to the U.S. dollar.
The goal of the exchange rate reform is to build a managed, floating exchange rate mechanism based on market supply and demand. It should also maintain the yuan''s basic stability at a reasonable equilibrium, said the central bank.
China opened its financial sector to foreign banks in December, 2006. Before that, China had dropped tariffs, canceled non-tariff measures and opened up its market in accordance with the pledge it made when joining the WTO.
HISTORIC CHANGES
"Thirty years of reform and opening up have brought about historic changes in China''s development -- the planned economic system has been smashed gradually and a market economic system has basically shaped up, creating a rocketing economy that is now the fourth largest in the world," said Chi Fulin, executive president of the China Institute for Reform and Development.
From 1978 to 2007, China''s gross domestic product (GDP) had grown by 9.6 percent annually from 216.5 billion U.S. dollars to 3.6 trillion dollars. Fiscal revenue had also grown over 44-fold from 113.2 billion yuan to 5130 billion yuan, greatly swelling the nation''s coffers and contributing substantially to China''s enhanced overall national strength.
Although it fell by 1.8 percent over the same period last year, China''s GDP surged by 10.4 percent in the January to June period, when the country saw rising domestic consumption, investment and exports.
More money allowed China to solve its problem of feeding 1.3 billion people. Compared with 1978, grain output had increased from about 300 billion kg to 500 billion kg in 2007. Amid world shortages of food and soaring prices, China''s food supply and prices remain stable.
The World Bank hailed China''s reform and opening-up drive as the largest poverty reduction campaign ever launched in world history. China was particularly recognized for reducing the number of rural people in abject poverty.
Statistics show that in 1978, when the reform and opening-up started, China had 250 million extremely poor people in its countryside, or 31 percent of its rural population. The figure declined to 15 million, or 1.6 percent, by the end of 2007.
While boosting the economy, China has tried to maintain a balanced development, including social security, health and education.
During the past three decades, China has made nine-year compulsory education free throughout the country. It has launched a new type of cooperative medical care system, mainly financed by the government, for the country''s 800 million farmers. China has also set up a system of village and community self-governance for rural and urban residents. It has also introduced in government transparency, democratic oversight and direct elections at the community level, said Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao.
China''s booming economy is providing residents ever rising living standards and a better quality of life.
"Ask people around you, 90 or even 99 percent would say their lives have improved in the past 30 years," said Xuan Yuhong, a farmer of Suixian County, central China''s Henan Province, who built a two-story house recently.
"In the 70s, big cities like Beijing and Shanghai had decaying buildings, full of bicycles day and night, poorly lighted streets, everyone in grey or blue Mao jackets," said 85-year-old Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore''s first prime minister.
"Now China''s cities, those along the coast, have spanking new high-rises, wide motorways, bridges and tunnels across the Yangtze River to Pudong, Maglev train from the new airport in Shanghai to Pudong, colorful dresses for women and men in lounge suits or in blouses and jeans. The people dress like any modern city in Japan, South Korea, or Singapore," said Lee.
INTEGRAL PART OF GLOBAL FAMILY
In addition to enabling the Chinese to lead a better life, China''s gain in prosperity is also good for the rest of the world, former Dutch ambassador to China, Dirk Jan van den Berg said.
"Imagine that China is still closed off from the world, with a quite strained capacity to produce enough food for the Chinese people, we would be facing a completely different situation, perhaps a much more difficult one."
Argemiro Procopio, professor of international relations at Brasilia University, Brazil, said, "In the world today, poor people, who did not have money to buy shoes, buy Chinese shoes and clothes now. And those who did not have money to buy toys for their children are now buying Chinese-made toys because they are cheap."
In 1978, China''s GDP accounted for only one percent of the world economy, whereas its share rose to above 5 percent in 2007. In 1978, China''s share of global trade was less than 1 percent. In2007, its share jumped to about 8 percent.
China''s development has opened a huge market for international capital, attracting over 780 billion U.S. dollars of net foreign investment over the last 30 years. Direct overseas investment by Chinese companies had also grown substantially.
China''s development has boosted growth of the global economy and trade. With imports growing at an average annual rate of 16.7 percent since 1978, China has become the world''s third largest import market and Asia''s top import market.
China now contributes to more than 10 percent of global economic growth and more than 12 percent of global trade expansion. China''s average annual import volume is close to 560 billion U.S. dollars, generating some 10 million jobs for its trade partners, Chinese President Hu Jintao said. "The past 30 years of reform and opening-up have told us that China cannot develop itself in isolation from the world. And it is equally true that the world cannot enjoy prosperity or stability without China," President Hu said.
CHALLENGES
Despite the new-found wealth, prosperity has come at a price. One negative effect is serious environmental damage.
Chinese Academy of Sciences Professor Shi Mingjun said exploitation of natural resources, ecological degradation and environmental pollution, has outweighed China''s economic benefits in recent years
Under a research program, Shi said the cost of environmental damage was 2.75 trillion yuan (401.7 billion U.S. dollars) in 2005,while the growth in gross domestic product (GDP) for the same year was 2.24 trillion yuan.
"As the nation''s growth pattern has changed little over the past two years, the conclusions are likely to be the same for 2006and 2007," Shi said.
"It is impossible for China, a country of 1.3 billion people, to follow the old model of the developed countries by consuming large quantities of energy at the expense of the environment," Chinese Vice Premier Wang Qishan said.
Another problem is the uneven distribution of wealth. Official data from 2007 showed the country''s Gini Coefficient , which measures the inequality of income distribution, has surpassed the warning mark of 0.4, with the per capita GDP of eastern coastal Shanghai standing around 76,000 yuan (11,102 U.S. dollars), more than 13 times that of the rural southwestern Guizhou province.
"The growing income gap among people could increase tension in society, and could nourish wrong developments in terms of crime," former Dutch ambassador to China Van den Berg warned.
Regional disparity remains big. After 30 years of reform and opening up, China''s coastal area has moved from the primary industrialization stage to high-grade industrialization. The western inland is still in the preliminary stage of big economic development.
Meanwhile, economic operations in China now face a series of challenges and uncertainties.
Industrial output in the Pearl and Yangtze River deltas, the nation''s two most important growth engines, rose at a markedly slower pace. Many small- and medium-sized companies, particularly exporters of low-end products, are faced with increasing labor costs.
Also, coastal areas are feeling the pressure of inflation. The price of finished oil remains high, the transport capacity of coal, electricity and oil is tight and prices of raw materials keep rising.
Companies also suffer from decreasing overseas consumer demand, a result of the troubled world economy. "It shows we are not at the end of the reform process," said Chi Fulin, Executive President of the China Institute for Reform and Development.
INSTITUTIONAL RESTRUCTURING
Chinese leaders are clear minded and steadfast that the drive to reform and open-up the country should speed up.
"Today, if we want to resolve the deep-seated problems that constrain China''s social and economic development, if we want to realize scientific development, we must unswervingly continue to reform and open up," said Chinese President Hu Jintao.
Having gotten rid of poverty on the whole, the country is setting its sights on streamlining the market and administrative systems to build a moderately prosperous society.
"If the past reform was aimed at ensuring enough food and clothing for the people, it is now aimed at goals at a higher level," said Prof. Wang Yukai of the National School of Administration.
On June 25, 2008 China set a guideline for a new round of institutional reform of the State Council, the country''s Cabinet, in an effort to build up a service-oriented, responsible, law-abiding and clean government.
The proposal for institutional overhaul of the central government was endorsed by Chinese lawmakers in mid-March. It involves the establishment of "super ministries" to deal with energy, transport, industry and environmental protection.
Observers say the planned institutional restructuring of the State Council is part of the reform in the political system.
"The conduct of the government is closely related to the achievements of the reform and opening-up drive," said Chi Fulin with China Institute for Reform and Development.
Since the SARS crisis in 2003, people have seen transformation of the government as one of the keys to changing the mode of economic development, said Chi.
"Without substantial changes in government functions, the change in the mode of economic development would be very difficult or even unreachable," he added.
In fact, institutional government restructuring has been tried in a few localities in the past few years. Encouraging results have been reported.
Seven years ago, Shenzhen, the pacesetter of China''s reform and opening up, started pioneering the restructuring of its administrative departments.
"We concentrate the administration of marine, land and air transport in the Transportation Bureau, industry and domestic and foreign trade in the Trade and Industry Bureau, and the management of radio, TV, culture, press and publication, and copy rights in the Culture Bureau," said Xu Zongheng, mayor of Shenzhen.
"These functions formerly scattered in different departments and the reshuffle has resulted in evident improvement of efficiency," said Xu.
Competitive elections of Party officials in neighborhood committees and village committees will be put into practice soon, he added.
http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/26373
http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20081010/876/twl-china-s-30-years-of-reform-and-openi_1.html