作业帮高考怎样看这道题考的是非谓语动词还是动词的时态和语态
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高考怎样看这道题考的是非谓语动词还是动词的时态和语态
非谓语动词： 高考重点要求：
1、掌握不定式、分词、动名词在句子中的作用
2、区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同
3、掌握不定式、动名词作宾语,不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构
4、注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系,以确定非谓语动词的时态形式
5、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,以确定非谓语动词的语态形式
实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1． 动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生.
例如：I saw the young man enter the house.（同时发生）
I hope to go there next time.（之后发生）
2．不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生.
例如：I’m sorry to have broken your glasses.
3．不定式进行式表示不定式的动作,与谓语动词同时发生.
例如：When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.
4．不定式的被动式有两种形式：to be done表示将要被做,to have been done表示已被做.
例如：The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.
The cinema is said to have been built last year.
5. 在表示情绪的动词,如like, love, hate, prefer等后,用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向,用不定式表示特定某事.但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式
例如：I hate eating the same food every day.
Would you like to watch TV in the evening?
6. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义,相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义.
例如：The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned.
He needs to clean the house first.
7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语,但在少数介词,如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语,但要注意“to”的省略,如but前有“do”则省去“to”.
例如：I have done nothing but help him with his luggage.
I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.
8. 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语,因此,要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句.
例如：The accident which happened yesterday was very serious.
9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的,则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示.
例如：Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.
10. 分词作状语时, 分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致.若它们之间的关系是主谓关系,用现在分词,而动宾关系则用过去分词.如果分词的动作先于谓语,分词要用完成时.
例如：Having finished his composition, he went home.
While looking through the paper, he found some errors.
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _________.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
答案为C.
【解析】 lead to这个词组中to是介词,后面跟名词,于是B被排除,the thief是动名词逻辑上的主语,构成动名词的复合结构,与catch之间应是被动关系,故排除A.常见的带介词to的短语有：(get) be used to, look forward to,look up to, stick to, object to, be devoted to, pay attention to等.
例2、Though _______money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
答案为C.
【解析】 lack是及物动词,后接宾语money.his parents与lack是逻辑上的主谓关系,要用现在分词作状语.译文：虽然缺钱,他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学.
例3、He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
答案：B
【解析】 risk后面只能带动名词做宾语,含义为“冒……之险”.
例4、 _____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
答案为C.
【解析】 在非谓语动词中,用动名词或不定式来作主语,而分词和介词短语不能作主语,因此A、D被排除.在这个句子中,will do是谓语,缺少主语,要用动名词作主语.expose与one's skin是动宾关系,所以要用动名词的被动式being exposed.译文：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处.
例5、____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
答案：A
【解析】 put sth. into use “让……投入使用”.显然,put 和句子主语the hotline 构成被动关系,所以用表示被动的过去分词.
例6、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ____ a look at the sports stars.
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
答案：C
【解析】 动词不定式充当目的状语.
例7、With a lot of difficult problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
答案为C
【解析】动词不定式to settle作为difficult problems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settle作定语表示已经解决的难题,现在分词的被动式being settled作定语表示正在解决的难题.
例8、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ____ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.
A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken
答案：A
【解析】 take advantage of （利用）和句子主语More and more people 构成主动关系,且和句子谓语sign up for (报名参加)同时发生,所以选择A.
例9、 Sandy could do nothing but ________ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit
答案为A.
【解析】 该句中的but是介词,后接动词不定式.当谓语动词是do,does或did时,后接不带to的不定式；是其他动词时,后接带to的不定式.该句的谓语是could do nothing,要填动词原形admit.译文：山德不得不向老师承认自己错了.
例10、 He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information.
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
答案为B.
【解析】 现在分词hoping表示与send me an e-mail同时发生的动作.一些考生认为应该填不定式作目的状语.不定式作目的状语时,句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail to get further information.不需要hope一词,如果要选择“hoped”时,句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information.“hope”和“sent”作并列谓语.
动词时态和语态
高考重点要求：
1、通过上下文或所设定的语境,正确判断和运用各种时态
2、在书面表达中能根据动作发生的时间关系,正确使用动词时态
3、根据主语与谓语的逻辑关系,正确判断和运用主动语态和被动语态
历届高考试题分析
例1、More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent
答案：B
【解析】 be sent abroad 被派往国外.
例2、By the end of last year, another new gymnasium_________ in Beijing.
A. would be completed B. was being completed
C. has been completed D. had been completed
答案为D.
【解析】如：by意为“到……为止”.by后加过去时间,主句用过去完成时,如by后加现在时间,用现在完成时,如by后加将来时,主句要用将来完成时.by the end of last year常与过去完成时连用.表示到过去某个时候前已完成的动作.
例3、When and where to go for the on-salary-holiday_________ yet.
A. are not decided B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
答案为D.
【解析】 根据副词yet可确定用现在完成时,可排除A、C；不定式,动名词及从句作主语,谓语动词按单数处理,when and where to do sth.表示单数,要用has not been decided.
例4、He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _______from the university next year.
A. will graduate B. will have graduated
C. graduates D. is to graduate
答案为C.
【解析】 “by the time”后接定语从句,省略了关系副词when.在这种定语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来.译文：到明年他毕业之前,已经学了八年英语.
例5、Rainforests _______and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
答案为C.
【解析】 这句话的意思是“雨林正在以那么快的速度被砍伐和烧掉以至于在不久的将来它们将会消失.”从句子的语境they will disappear from the earth in the near future可以判断,要用被动语态的现在进行时.表示现在正在发生的事对将来可能造成的影响.
例6、How I wish every family _______ a large house with a beautiful garden!
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
答案为B.
【解析】 wish后接从句常用虚拟语气,表示这只是说话人的一种愿望.具体用法：如果从句中动作与现在事实相反应用过去式,与将来事实相反用would/could+动词原形；与过去事实相反用过去完成式或would/could+have done.译文：我多么希望每个家庭都住上带有漂亮花园的大房子.
例7、The new suspension bridge ________ by the end of last month.
A. has been designed B. had been designed
C. was designed D. would be designed
答案为B.
【解析】 在含有by引导的表示过去意义的时间状语的句子中,谓语动词要用过去完成时.译文：到上月为止已完成了吊桥设计.
例8、—How are you today?
—Oh , I__________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A．didn't feel B．wasn't feeling C．don't feel D．haven't felt
答案为D.
【解析】 现在完成时表示从过去的某个时候开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态.从句子的意思可知,从过去某个时候开始,已经病了很长时间了.
例9、—Hey, look where you are going!
—Oh, I'm terribly sorry. ________.
A. I'm not noticing B. I wasn't noticing
C. I haven't noticed D. I don't notice
答案为B.
【解析】 表示刚才没有注意到,要用过去进行时.一般现在时表示经常性的动作；现在完成时表示过去所做的事对现在造成的影响或从过去某个时候一直延续到现在的动作,即现在也没有注意到；现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,这三个时态显然不符合句意.
例10、A new cinema _______here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
答案为D.
【解析】 根据They hope to finish it next month.说明电影院还在建设之中,所以从时态上讲是进行时；另外从语态上讲为被动语态.
动词时态和语态做题技巧如下：
1. 根据题干中的时间标志词选择时态
动词时态须与句中时间状语一致.高考题常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力.因此敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境,选择出正确的动词时态.
2. 根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择时态
近年来的高考试题一般不再单纯考查主从句的时态呼应,而是将其放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查,也会结合强调结构等其它语法现象进行考查. 考生在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点：
①在时间、条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时态表示一般将来时态,一般过去时态表示过去将来时态,用现在完成时态表示将来完成时态.
② 正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境.
③ 解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则: 如果主句动词为现在时态,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态,如果主句动词为过去时态,则从句动词须用合适的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时态).
3. 根据具体的语言环境选择时态
近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化.考生要捕捉信息,理解情境,综合运用,灵活答题.
1、掌握不定式、分词、动名词在句子中的作用
2、区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同
3、掌握不定式、动名词作宾语,不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构
4、注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系,以确定非谓语动词的时态形式
5、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,以确定非谓语动词的语态形式
实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
1． 动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生.
例如：I saw the young man enter the house.（同时发生）
I hope to go there next time.（之后发生）
2．不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生.
例如：I’m sorry to have broken your glasses.
3．不定式进行式表示不定式的动作,与谓语动词同时发生.
例如：When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.
4．不定式的被动式有两种形式：to be done表示将要被做,to have been done表示已被做.
例如：The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.
The cinema is said to have been built last year.
5. 在表示情绪的动词,如like, love, hate, prefer等后,用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向,用不定式表示特定某事.但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式
例如：I hate eating the same food every day.
Would you like to watch TV in the evening?
6. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义,相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义.
例如：The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned.
He needs to clean the house first.
7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语,但在少数介词,如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语,但要注意“to”的省略,如but前有“do”则省去“to”.
例如：I have done nothing but help him with his luggage.
I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.
8. 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语,因此,要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句.
例如：The accident which happened yesterday was very serious.
9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的,则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示.
例如：Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.
10. 分词作状语时, 分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致.若它们之间的关系是主谓关系,用现在分词,而动宾关系则用过去分词.如果分词的动作先于谓语,分词要用完成时.
例如：Having finished his composition, he went home.
While looking through the paper, he found some errors.
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _________.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
答案为C.
【解析】 lead to这个词组中to是介词,后面跟名词,于是B被排除,the thief是动名词逻辑上的主语,构成动名词的复合结构,与catch之间应是被动关系,故排除A.常见的带介词to的短语有：(get) be used to, look forward to,look up to, stick to, object to, be devoted to, pay attention to等.
例2、Though _______money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
答案为C.
【解析】 lack是及物动词,后接宾语money.his parents与lack是逻辑上的主谓关系,要用现在分词作状语.译文：虽然缺钱,他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学.
例3、He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
答案：B
【解析】 risk后面只能带动名词做宾语,含义为“冒……之险”.
例4、 _____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
答案为C.
【解析】 在非谓语动词中,用动名词或不定式来作主语,而分词和介词短语不能作主语,因此A、D被排除.在这个句子中,will do是谓语,缺少主语,要用动名词作主语.expose与one's skin是动宾关系,所以要用动名词的被动式being exposed.译文：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处.
例5、____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
答案：A
【解析】 put sth. into use “让……投入使用”.显然,put 和句子主语the hotline 构成被动关系,所以用表示被动的过去分词.
例6、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ____ a look at the sports stars.
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
答案：C
【解析】 动词不定式充当目的状语.
例7、With a lot of difficult problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
答案为C
【解析】动词不定式to settle作为difficult problems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settle作定语表示已经解决的难题,现在分词的被动式being settled作定语表示正在解决的难题.
例8、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ____ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.
A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken
答案：A
【解析】 take advantage of （利用）和句子主语More and more people 构成主动关系,且和句子谓语sign up for (报名参加)同时发生,所以选择A.
例9、 Sandy could do nothing but ________ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit
答案为A.
【解析】 该句中的but是介词,后接动词不定式.当谓语动词是do,does或did时,后接不带to的不定式；是其他动词时,后接带to的不定式.该句的谓语是could do nothing,要填动词原形admit.译文：山德不得不向老师承认自己错了.
例10、 He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information.
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
答案为B.
【解析】 现在分词hoping表示与send me an e-mail同时发生的动作.一些考生认为应该填不定式作目的状语.不定式作目的状语时,句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail to get further information.不需要hope一词,如果要选择“hoped”时,句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information.“hope”和“sent”作并列谓语.
动词时态和语态
高考重点要求：
1、通过上下文或所设定的语境,正确判断和运用各种时态
2、在书面表达中能根据动作发生的时间关系,正确使用动词时态
3、根据主语与谓语的逻辑关系,正确判断和运用主动语态和被动语态
历届高考试题分析
例1、More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent
答案：B
【解析】 be sent abroad 被派往国外.
例2、By the end of last year, another new gymnasium_________ in Beijing.
A. would be completed B. was being completed
C. has been completed D. had been completed
答案为D.
【解析】如：by意为“到……为止”.by后加过去时间,主句用过去完成时,如by后加现在时间,用现在完成时,如by后加将来时,主句要用将来完成时.by the end of last year常与过去完成时连用.表示到过去某个时候前已完成的动作.
例3、When and where to go for the on-salary-holiday_________ yet.
A. are not decided B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
答案为D.
【解析】 根据副词yet可确定用现在完成时,可排除A、C；不定式,动名词及从句作主语,谓语动词按单数处理,when and where to do sth.表示单数,要用has not been decided.
例4、He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _______from the university next year.
A. will graduate B. will have graduated
C. graduates D. is to graduate
答案为C.
【解析】 “by the time”后接定语从句,省略了关系副词when.在这种定语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来.译文：到明年他毕业之前,已经学了八年英语.
例5、Rainforests _______and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
答案为C.
【解析】 这句话的意思是“雨林正在以那么快的速度被砍伐和烧掉以至于在不久的将来它们将会消失.”从句子的语境they will disappear from the earth in the near future可以判断,要用被动语态的现在进行时.表示现在正在发生的事对将来可能造成的影响.
例6、How I wish every family _______ a large house with a beautiful garden!
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
答案为B.
【解析】 wish后接从句常用虚拟语气,表示这只是说话人的一种愿望.具体用法：如果从句中动作与现在事实相反应用过去式,与将来事实相反用would/could+动词原形；与过去事实相反用过去完成式或would/could+have done.译文：我多么希望每个家庭都住上带有漂亮花园的大房子.
例7、The new suspension bridge ________ by the end of last month.
A. has been designed B. had been designed
C. was designed D. would be designed
答案为B.
【解析】 在含有by引导的表示过去意义的时间状语的句子中,谓语动词要用过去完成时.译文：到上月为止已完成了吊桥设计.
例8、—How are you today?
—Oh , I__________ as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A．didn't feel B．wasn't feeling C．don't feel D．haven't felt
答案为D.
【解析】 现在完成时表示从过去的某个时候开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态.从句子的意思可知,从过去某个时候开始,已经病了很长时间了.
例9、—Hey, look where you are going!
—Oh, I'm terribly sorry. ________.
A. I'm not noticing B. I wasn't noticing
C. I haven't noticed D. I don't notice
答案为B.
【解析】 表示刚才没有注意到,要用过去进行时.一般现在时表示经常性的动作；现在完成时表示过去所做的事对现在造成的影响或从过去某个时候一直延续到现在的动作,即现在也没有注意到；现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,这三个时态显然不符合句意.
例10、A new cinema _______here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built
答案为D.
【解析】 根据They hope to finish it next month.说明电影院还在建设之中,所以从时态上讲是进行时；另外从语态上讲为被动语态.
动词时态和语态做题技巧如下：
1. 根据题干中的时间标志词选择时态
动词时态须与句中时间状语一致.高考题常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力.因此敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境,选择出正确的动词时态.
2. 根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择时态
近年来的高考试题一般不再单纯考查主从句的时态呼应,而是将其放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查,也会结合强调结构等其它语法现象进行考查. 考生在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点：
①在时间、条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时态表示一般将来时态,一般过去时态表示过去将来时态,用现在完成时态表示将来完成时态.
② 正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境.
③ 解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则: 如果主句动词为现在时态,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态,如果主句动词为过去时态,则从句动词须用合适的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时态).
3. 根据具体的语言环境选择时态
近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化.考生要捕捉信息,理解情境,综合运用,灵活答题.