英语翻译Parking provider taxesEffectivenessThe effect of taxing

英语翻译
Parking provider taxes
Effectiveness
The effect of taxing providers on solo driving and parking depends in part
on the mix and management of the parking supply.Much depends on whether
the tax is imposed only on private entities in the business of providing parking
("commercial parking"); or on all private providers of parking (e.g.owners
of office buildings with parking); or on public owners and operators.Another
effectiveness issues is,whatever entities are encompassed by the tax,what
proportion of the total supply of parking will they control?Clearly,if the
tax falls on a small segment of the supply,the effects on parking and travel
may be small.
Presuming the supply of parking taxed is a significant proportion of the
supply,effectiveness depends on whether or not taxes are passed along to
parkers or absorbed by operators,or passed along in ways not favorable to
mode shifts.In one closely evaluated case of a 25 percent increase in taxes
on private commercial and city owned parking in San Francisco,parking
rates changed at some garages but not others.The number of cars parked
declined at about half the affected facilities,but increased at the rest (Kulash
1974).
Effectiveness also hinges on how parking facilities not taxed will be
managed to complement taxing policies.For example,if only private entities
are taxed,commuters may simply shift to spaces controlled by the public sector
(garages,meters,timed parking zones) if public parking rates are relatively
favorable.Commuters also may "feed" meters,shuffle cars in zones or park
on neighborhood streets.
Finally,effectiveness of a parking tax may hinge on parking supply and
transit policies.Commuters and their employers may be more inclined to
subvert parking tax programs where parking supplies appear excessive and
under-utilized,or where transit service is a poor alternative to driving to
work.

停车提供商税收
有效性.税务提供者就的影响驾驶和独奏部分地取决于停车在混合和管理的停车供应.在很大程度上取决于是否税收征收只有在私人实体的业务提供停车场(“商业停车”的);或在所有的私营投资者的停车场(例如的主人办公楼);或者停在公共业主和人员.另一个有效性问题,不管实体是什么税,里面总额的比例控制停车场将会供应吗?显然,如果税务落在一小段的影响,供应把车停在和旅行可能是很小的.假设的供应是一项重要的比例征收停车供应、效率高低取决于是否经过税收是或吸收parkers由经营者、或经过不利的方法模式变化.在一个密切评估25%的情况下增加税收对私人商业与城市拥有把车停在旧金山,停车场利率在某个车库改变而不足别人.汽车的数量把车停了下来约有一半的平均下降速度提高设施的建设,而影响其馀(Kulash1974年).有效性取决于如何也不需要缴税停车设施设法补充税收政策.例如,如果只有私人实体纳税的通勤者可能转向空间公共部门控制吗(车库、米,超时停车区域)如果公共停车场利率相对有利.通勤者也可以“喂”米,洗牌汽车在发展区和公园在邻近的街道.最后,有力的停车税可能要视停车供应和交通政策.通勤者和他们的雇主可能更倾向于颠覆停车税项目,供应出现过度停车under-utilized,或在交通服务是一个贫穷的替代开车去工作.