作业帮英语句子成分分析
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英语句子成分分析
[英语句子成分分析]
[思路分析] 把句子的各个成分搞清楚,也就是把句子各部分的关系搞清楚,英语句子成分分析.做到这一点,才可以准确地理解句子的意思或造出结构正确、意思明白的句子.有一点要注意,在分析句子结构时,应该抓住主要成分.我们分析句子结构,划分句子成分无非是为了理解,或者是为了造句.这个目的达到了就行了,不必过于细致,更不要钻牛角尖,否则就会事倍功半. 英语句子有长在短,有简有繁,从现象看,似乎千变万化,难以捉摸,但从实质看,可以发现其内在联系,找出其共同规律.英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装.掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础. [解题过程] 英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语 （predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial). 英语句子成分中,有些具有形态标志.如第一人称代词作主语就用主格I, 作宾语用宾格me,作定语用所有格my.这些形态变化对分析辨认成分 很有帮助. 汉语与英语就句子成分表面上看来差不多,实际上有不少差别.例如： (1) Xiao Li went to bed as soon as he came home. 小李回家后, 立刻就睡觉了. (2) I\'ll go when I have had my dinner. 我吃了饭就去. 在英语中,同一个主语在第二次出现时不能省略,必须把每个谓语所陈述的对象都表示出来.而在汉语中,同一个主语在句中第二次出现时,就可以省 略.如例（1）中,汉语说小李回家后立刻就睡觉了,省去了第二个分句 的主语,倒可以避免造成误解.若将第二次出现的主语补出来,说成小李回 家后,他立刻就睡觉了.听的人反而可能把那个他误会成另一个人. 英语五种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一： S V （主＋谓） 基本句型二： S V P （主＋谓＋表） 基本句型三： S V O （主＋谓＋宾） 基本句型四： S V o O （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 基本句型五： S V O C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 基本句型 一 此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思. 这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等. ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ S │ V （不及物动词） ┃ ┠———————————————┼———————————————┨ ┃1. The sun │was shining. ┃ ┃2. The moon │rose. ┃ ┃3. The universe │remains. ┃ ┃4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. ┃ ┃5. Who │cares? ┃ ┃6. What he said │does not matter. ┃ ┃7. They │talked for half an hour. ┃ ┃8. The pen │writes smoothly ┃ 1. 太阳在照耀着. 2. 月亮升起了. 3. 宇宙长存. 4. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝. 5. 管它呢? 6. 他所讲的没有什么关系. 7. 他们谈了半个小时. 8. 这支笔书写流利. 基本句型 二 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意* 思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的* 意思.这类动词叫做连系动词.系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一* 类,表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化.be 本身没* 有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用.其它系动词仍保持其部分词义. ┏━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ S │V（是系动词）│ P ┃ ┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨ ┃1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.┃ ┃2. The dinner │smells │good. ┃ ┃3. He │fell │in love. ┃ ┃4. Everything │looks │different. ┃ ┃5. He │is growing │tall and strong. ┃ ┃6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. ┃ ┃7. Our well │has gone │dry. ┃ ┃8. His face │turned │red. ┃ ┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ 1. 这是本英汉辞典. 2. 午餐的气味很好. 3. 他堕入了情网. 4. 一切看来都不同了. 5. 他长得又高又壮. 6. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱. 7. 我们井干枯了. 8. 他的脸红了. 基本句型 三 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完 整.这类动词叫做及物动词. ┏━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ S │V（及物动词）│ O ┃ ┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨ ┃1. Who │knows │the answer? ┃ ┃2. She │smiled │her thanks. ┃ ┃3. He │has refused │to help them. ┃ ┃4. He │enjoys │reading. ┃ ┃5. They │ate │what was left over. ┃ ┃6. He │said │"Good morning." ┃ ┃7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. ┃ ┃8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. ┃ ┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 1. 谁知道答案? 2. 她微笑表示感谢. 3. 他拒绝帮他们的忙. 4. 他喜欢看书. 5. 他们吃了剩饭. 6. 他说：早上好! 7. 我想喝杯茶. 8. 他承认犯了错误. 基本句型 四 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整 的意思.这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者. 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承 受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略. ┏━━━━┯━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ S │V（及物）│ o（多指人） │ O（多指物） ┃ ┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨ 1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. ┃ ┃2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. ┃ ┃3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. ┃ ┃4. He │denies │her │nothing. ┃ ┃5. I │showed │him │my pictures. ┃ ┃6. I │gave │my car │a wash. ┃ ┃7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. ┃ ┃8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. ┃ ┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ 1. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳. 2. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔. 3. 他给你带来了一本字典. 4. 他对她什么都不拒绝. 5. 我给他看我的照片. 6. 我洗了我的汽车. 7. 我告诉他汽车晚点了. 8. 他教我开机器. 基本句型 五 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还 不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整. ┏━━━━┯━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ S │V（及物）│ O（宾语） │ C（宾补） ┃ ┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨ ┃1. They │appointed │him │manager. ┃ ┃2. They │painted │the door │green. ┃ ┃3. This │set │them │thinking. ┃ ┃4. They │found │the house │deserted. ┃ ┃5. What │makes │him │think so? ┃ ┃6. We │saw │him │out. ┃ ┃7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. ┃ ┃8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. ┃ ┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ 1. 他们任命他当经理. 2. 他们把门漆成绿色. 3. 这使得他们要细想一想. 4. 他们发现那房子无人居住. 5. 他怎么会这样想? 6. 我们送他出去. 7. 他要我早点回来. 8. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车. 但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的 成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而 加以扩大.这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词）,也可以是 各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）.下面以基本句 型五为例： We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了. We found the great hall full of students and teachers. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listen- ing to an important report. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听一个重要报告. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listen- ing to an important report made by a comrade from the People\'s Daily on current affairs in East Europe. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听人民日报的一位同志作有关 东欧局势的重要报告,中学生作文《英语句子成分分析》. 不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样,因此在学习动词时,应掌握动词的类 型.以 get 为例： He\'s getting angry. (S V C) He got through the window. (S V M) You\'ll get a surprise. (S V O) He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C) He got himself into trouble. (S V O M) He got her a splendid present. (S V o O) 在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思: I found the book easily.我很容易地找到了这本书.（S V O M） I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易. （S V O C） I have to do something. 我得做点事. I have something to do. 我有点事做.---------------------------------------------Grammar of Unit 1 Different parts of a sentence 概念 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的.组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分.句子的 成分包括:主语,谓语,表语,宾语(直接和间接宾语) ,宾语补足语,定语和状语.主 语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语) ,表语,宾语和宾 语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分.其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分. ▲句子成分分类 句子成分分类 1.主语 主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的"是什么"或"是谁".一般由名词,代词,不定代词 或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象.大多数主语都在句首.如: 讲述"谁" We work in a big factory. 讲述"什么" The classroom is very big. 数词作主语 Three are enough. 不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor\'s job. 从句作主语 What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. 三个人就够了 ▲ 在"There be …"句型中,主语的位置在中间.如: There are some bottles of milk in the box. ▲ 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用 it 作形式主语.如: It is very interesting to play the game called "treat or trick". It took two workers about three months to build the house. 2.谓语 . 谓语时用来说明主语"做什么""是什么"或"怎么样" , ,谓语必须是动词,谓语和 主语在"人称"和"数"两方面必须一致.如: He is very generous. -1- She looks very smart and cool We have finished the job. He can speak German. 3.表语 . 表语说明主语"是什么"或"怎么样" ,由名词,形容词,介词,副词,不定式及相当 于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面. 形容词作表语 You look younger than before. 名词作表语 My father is a teacher. 副词作表语 Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre. 不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English. 动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses. 从句作表语 That is why he didn\'t come to school yesterday. 4.宾语 . ▲宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,不定式,或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来 充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面.有时,会有双宾语. 如: 名词作宾语 He never forgives others for their mistakes. 代词做宾语 He often helps me. 不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in the open air. -2- 动名词作宾语 The Americans enjoyed living in China. 从句做宾语 I believe that they can finish the work in time. ▲直接宾语和间接宾语 直接宾语和间接宾语 及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语是及物动词的 对象.但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作是对谁做 的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当.如: We brought them some food. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加 to 或 for. 5.宾语的补足语 . 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾 语的补足语才能表达完整的意思.我们把"宾语+宾语补足语"合起来称为复合宾语.复 合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思.名词,动词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不 定式,现在分词,过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如: 名词作宾补 If you let me go, I\'ll make you king. 形容词作宾补 Don\'t make your hands dirty. 副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived. 介词短语作宾补 Make yourself at home. 省略 to 的不定式作宾补 I saw a girl go into the building. 带 to 的不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog to lie down. 现在分词作宾补 The boss kept them working all day. -3- 过去分词作宾补 Yesterday he got his leg broken. 在英语中,常见的"宾语+宾语补足语" 结构有: 在英语中 常见的"宾语+宾语补足语"的结构有: 常见的 ▲"宾语+名词" .常用于改结构的动词有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave 等. We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor. ▲"宾语+形容词" .常见的动词有 think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want 等.如: Do you think his idea wrong? We must keep our classroom clean. We can\'t leave him alone. Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday? ▲"宾语+副词" .副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系.常见的 副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere 等.如: Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home. When got there, we found him out. ▲"宾语+介词短语" .介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有 主表的关系.如: We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend. He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain. ▲"宾语+不定式" .充当宾补的不定式有三种: A 要求带 to 的不定式 The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带 to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch 等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词 help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework. -4- ▲"宾语+现在分词" .现在分词作宾补,此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的 主语,有着主谓关系. I saw them playing on the playground. I heard Mary singing in the classroom. ▲"宾语+过去分词" .宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成. I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. ▲ 形式宾语+形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday. ▲宾语+what 从句 Call me what you like. Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today. The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago. 6.定语 . ▲ 定语用来修饰名词或代词.形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式或相当于 形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语.因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作 主语,表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词,代词的地方都可以有定语.如: 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 代词作定语 What\'s your name? 名词作定语 名词作定语 They made some paper flowers. 介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One. 不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink. 从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. ▲ 在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面, -5- 故称"后置定语" . ▲ 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置.如: We\'ll go to have something English. If you don\'t know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me? ▲介词短语作定语时要后置.如: Do you know the boy behind the tree? The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right. ▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring. to 如果 注 动词不定式作主语时, 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语. 时短语时,那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的. Do you have any piece of music to listen to? ▲nearby, below, downstairs 等个别方位词作定语时要后置.如: We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below? The people downstairs are listening to a talk now? They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once. 7.状语 . 状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度 等,一般由副词,介词短语,不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当.状语一般放 在句末,但有时也可以放在句首,句中.如: He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldn\'t work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well. -6-
[思路分析] 把句子的各个成分搞清楚,也就是把句子各部分的关系搞清楚,英语句子成分分析.做到这一点,才可以准确地理解句子的意思或造出结构正确、意思明白的句子.有一点要注意,在分析句子结构时,应该抓住主要成分.我们分析句子结构,划分句子成分无非是为了理解,或者是为了造句.这个目的达到了就行了,不必过于细致,更不要钻牛角尖,否则就会事倍功半. 英语句子有长在短,有简有繁,从现象看,似乎千变万化,难以捉摸,但从实质看,可以发现其内在联系,找出其共同规律.英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装.掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础. [解题过程] 英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语 （predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial). 英语句子成分中,有些具有形态标志.如第一人称代词作主语就用主格I, 作宾语用宾格me,作定语用所有格my.这些形态变化对分析辨认成分 很有帮助. 汉语与英语就句子成分表面上看来差不多,实际上有不少差别.例如： (1) Xiao Li went to bed as soon as he came home. 小李回家后, 立刻就睡觉了. (2) I\'ll go when I have had my dinner. 我吃了饭就去. 在英语中,同一个主语在第二次出现时不能省略,必须把每个谓语所陈述的对象都表示出来.而在汉语中,同一个主语在句中第二次出现时,就可以省 略.如例（1）中,汉语说小李回家后立刻就睡觉了,省去了第二个分句 的主语,倒可以避免造成误解.若将第二次出现的主语补出来,说成小李回 家后,他立刻就睡觉了.听的人反而可能把那个他误会成另一个人. 英语五种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一： S V （主＋谓） 基本句型二： S V P （主＋谓＋表） 基本句型三： S V O （主＋谓＋宾） 基本句型四： S V o O （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 基本句型五： S V O C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 基本句型 一 此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思. 这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等. ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ S │ V （不及物动词） ┃ ┠———————————————┼———————————————┨ ┃1. The sun │was shining. ┃ ┃2. The moon │rose. ┃ ┃3. The universe │remains. ┃ ┃4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. ┃ ┃5. Who │cares? ┃ ┃6. What he said │does not matter. ┃ ┃7. They │talked for half an hour. ┃ ┃8. The pen │writes smoothly ┃ 1. 太阳在照耀着. 2. 月亮升起了. 3. 宇宙长存. 4. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝. 5. 管它呢? 6. 他所讲的没有什么关系. 7. 他们谈了半个小时. 8. 这支笔书写流利. 基本句型 二 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意* 思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的* 意思.这类动词叫做连系动词.系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一* 类,表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化.be 本身没* 有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用.其它系动词仍保持其部分词义. ┏━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ S │V（是系动词）│ P ┃ ┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨ ┃1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.┃ ┃2. The dinner │smells │good. ┃ ┃3. He │fell │in love. ┃ ┃4. Everything │looks │different. ┃ ┃5. He │is growing │tall and strong. ┃ ┃6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. ┃ ┃7. Our well │has gone │dry. ┃ ┃8. His face │turned │red. ┃ ┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ 1. 这是本英汉辞典. 2. 午餐的气味很好. 3. 他堕入了情网. 4. 一切看来都不同了. 5. 他长得又高又壮. 6. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱. 7. 我们井干枯了. 8. 他的脸红了. 基本句型 三 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完 整.这类动词叫做及物动词. ┏━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ S │V（及物动词）│ O ┃ ┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨ ┃1. Who │knows │the answer? ┃ ┃2. She │smiled │her thanks. ┃ ┃3. He │has refused │to help them. ┃ ┃4. He │enjoys │reading. ┃ ┃5. They │ate │what was left over. ┃ ┃6. He │said │"Good morning." ┃ ┃7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. ┃ ┃8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. ┃ ┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 1. 谁知道答案? 2. 她微笑表示感谢. 3. 他拒绝帮他们的忙. 4. 他喜欢看书. 5. 他们吃了剩饭. 6. 他说：早上好! 7. 我想喝杯茶. 8. 他承认犯了错误. 基本句型 四 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整 的意思.这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者. 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承 受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略. ┏━━━━┯━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ S │V（及物）│ o（多指人） │ O（多指物） ┃ ┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨ 1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. ┃ ┃2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. ┃ ┃3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. ┃ ┃4. He │denies │her │nothing. ┃ ┃5. I │showed │him │my pictures. ┃ ┃6. I │gave │my car │a wash. ┃ ┃7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. ┃ ┃8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. ┃ ┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ 1. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳. 2. 她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔. 3. 他给你带来了一本字典. 4. 他对她什么都不拒绝. 5. 我给他看我的照片. 6. 我洗了我的汽车. 7. 我告诉他汽车晚点了. 8. 他教我开机器. 基本句型 五 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还 不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整. ┏━━━━┯━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃ S │V（及物）│ O（宾语） │ C（宾补） ┃ ┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨ ┃1. They │appointed │him │manager. ┃ ┃2. They │painted │the door │green. ┃ ┃3. This │set │them │thinking. ┃ ┃4. They │found │the house │deserted. ┃ ┃5. What │makes │him │think so? ┃ ┃6. We │saw │him │out. ┃ ┃7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. ┃ ┃8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. ┃ ┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ 1. 他们任命他当经理. 2. 他们把门漆成绿色. 3. 这使得他们要细想一想. 4. 他们发现那房子无人居住. 5. 他怎么会这样想? 6. 我们送他出去. 7. 他要我早点回来. 8. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车. 但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的 成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而 加以扩大.这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词）,也可以是 各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）.下面以基本句 型五为例： We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了. We found the great hall full of students and teachers. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listen- ing to an important report. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听一个重要报告. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listen- ing to an important report made by a comrade from the People\'s Daily on current affairs in East Europe. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听人民日报的一位同志作有关 东欧局势的重要报告,中学生作文《英语句子成分分析》. 不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样,因此在学习动词时,应掌握动词的类 型.以 get 为例： He\'s getting angry. (S V C) He got through the window. (S V M) You\'ll get a surprise. (S V O) He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C) He got himself into trouble. (S V O M) He got her a splendid present. (S V o O) 在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思: I found the book easily.我很容易地找到了这本书.（S V O M） I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易. （S V O C） I have to do something. 我得做点事. I have something to do. 我有点事做.---------------------------------------------Grammar of Unit 1 Different parts of a sentence 概念 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的.组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分.句子的 成分包括:主语,谓语,表语,宾语(直接和间接宾语) ,宾语补足语,定语和状语.主 语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语) ,表语,宾语和宾 语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分.其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分. ▲句子成分分类 句子成分分类 1.主语 主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的"是什么"或"是谁".一般由名词,代词,不定代词 或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象.大多数主语都在句首.如: 讲述"谁" We work in a big factory. 讲述"什么" The classroom is very big. 数词作主语 Three are enough. 不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor\'s job. 从句作主语 What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. 三个人就够了 ▲ 在"There be …"句型中,主语的位置在中间.如: There are some bottles of milk in the box. ▲ 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用 it 作形式主语.如: It is very interesting to play the game called "treat or trick". It took two workers about three months to build the house. 2.谓语 . 谓语时用来说明主语"做什么""是什么"或"怎么样" , ,谓语必须是动词,谓语和 主语在"人称"和"数"两方面必须一致.如: He is very generous. -1- She looks very smart and cool We have finished the job. He can speak German. 3.表语 . 表语说明主语"是什么"或"怎么样" ,由名词,形容词,介词,副词,不定式及相当 于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面. 形容词作表语 You look younger than before. 名词作表语 My father is a teacher. 副词作表语 Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre. 不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English. 动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses. 从句作表语 That is why he didn\'t come to school yesterday. 4.宾语 . ▲宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,不定式,或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来 充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面.有时,会有双宾语. 如: 名词作宾语 He never forgives others for their mistakes. 代词做宾语 He often helps me. 不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in the open air. -2- 动名词作宾语 The Americans enjoyed living in China. 从句做宾语 I believe that they can finish the work in time. ▲直接宾语和间接宾语 直接宾语和间接宾语 及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语是及物动词的 对象.但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作是对谁做 的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当.如: We brought them some food. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加 to 或 for. 5.宾语的补足语 . 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾 语的补足语才能表达完整的意思.我们把"宾语+宾语补足语"合起来称为复合宾语.复 合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思.名词,动词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不 定式,现在分词,过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如: 名词作宾补 If you let me go, I\'ll make you king. 形容词作宾补 Don\'t make your hands dirty. 副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived. 介词短语作宾补 Make yourself at home. 省略 to 的不定式作宾补 I saw a girl go into the building. 带 to 的不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog to lie down. 现在分词作宾补 The boss kept them working all day. -3- 过去分词作宾补 Yesterday he got his leg broken. 在英语中,常见的"宾语+宾语补足语" 结构有: 在英语中 常见的"宾语+宾语补足语"的结构有: 常见的 ▲"宾语+名词" .常用于改结构的动词有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave 等. We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor. ▲"宾语+形容词" .常见的动词有 think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want 等.如: Do you think his idea wrong? We must keep our classroom clean. We can\'t leave him alone. Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday? ▲"宾语+副词" .副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系.常见的 副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere 等.如: Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home. When got there, we found him out. ▲"宾语+介词短语" .介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有 主表的关系.如: We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend. He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain. ▲"宾语+不定式" .充当宾补的不定式有三种: A 要求带 to 的不定式 The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带 to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch 等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词 help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework. -4- ▲"宾语+现在分词" .现在分词作宾补,此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的 主语,有着主谓关系. I saw them playing on the playground. I heard Mary singing in the classroom. ▲"宾语+过去分词" .宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成. I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. ▲ 形式宾语+形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday. ▲宾语+what 从句 Call me what you like. Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today. The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago. 6.定语 . ▲ 定语用来修饰名词或代词.形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式或相当于 形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语.因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作 主语,表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词,代词的地方都可以有定语.如: 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 代词作定语 What\'s your name? 名词作定语 名词作定语 They made some paper flowers. 介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One. 不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink. 从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. ▲ 在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面, -5- 故称"后置定语" . ▲ 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置.如: We\'ll go to have something English. If you don\'t know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me? ▲介词短语作定语时要后置.如: Do you know the boy behind the tree? The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right. ▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring. to 如果 注 动词不定式作主语时, 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语. 时短语时,那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的. Do you have any piece of music to listen to? ▲nearby, below, downstairs 等个别方位词作定语时要后置.如: We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below? The people downstairs are listening to a talk now? They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once. 7.状语 . 状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度 等,一般由副词,介词短语,不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当.状语一般放 在句末,但有时也可以放在句首,句中.如: He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldn\'t work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well. -6-