关于英语请通俗易懂的解释一下英语的 从句,（不）及物动词,副词,情态动词等这些术语的意思及它们的用法,最好可以举些例子.

关于英语
请通俗易懂的解释一下英语的 从句,（不）及物动词,副词,情态动词等这些术语的意思及它们的用法,最好可以举些例子.
可以罗嗦些,但一定要浅显易懂才好哦.
还有定语，谓语，宾语，状语，宾补的意思及用法！

1
宾语从句与中考试题
学习宾语从句并不难,只要你能过好下面的三道关：
第一关,选好连接词（也有人叫关联词）.
引导宾语从句的连接词,课本上写有三类,但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用.
1．连词that：只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略.例如： 1）He knew（that）he should work hard．
2）I am glad（that）you've passed the exam．
2．连词whether或if：它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,口语中多用if.例如： 3）Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning?
4）Tom didn't know if／whether his grandpa liked the present．
作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大,同学们不易掌握.在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制.例如：
5）He asked me whether or not I was coming．他问我是否要来.（该句中的whether不能换成if,因为if不能与or连用.）
3．连接代词who,whom ,whose,what, which：它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有其自己的意义.例如：
6）The teacher asked the new student which class he was in?（武汉市）（which引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,修饰class,意为“哪个”.）
7）Can you tell me whom he is waiting for?（天津市）
4．连接副词when,where, why,how：起连接作用,分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语,各有其自己的意义.例如：
8）I wonder where he got so much money．对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑.（where在从句中作地点状语,修饰got,意为“哪里；什么地方”.）
9）He didn't tell me how old his friend was．（四川省）（how引导宾语从句,作程度状语,修饰old,意为“怎样；如何”等意.）
第二关,牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即“连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他”.这里特别强调的是,它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序,不是疑问句的倒装语序.例如： 10）You must remember what your teacher said．
11）—Dad,do you know when the football game will start?
—In half an hour．（宁波市）
12）汉译英：你能不能告诉我,我们去看望谁?
误：Can you tell me who（m）do we have to see?
正：Can you tell me who（m）we have to see?
错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do.因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句,如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris?就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris?”这种错误句子来.但是一旦我们注意了,我们不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris?”了.
第三关,注意时态的呼应. 宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约,这种现象称为“时态的呼应”.例如：
13）汉译英：我原以为你今天有空的. 误：I thought（that）you are free today．
正：I thought（that）you would be free today．
错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有 today,但因为主句谓语是thought,所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了.
这种时态的呼应,如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制,如上述例句2）,3）,7）,8）,10）,11）,12）.如果主句时态是过去时,宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时（即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等）.例如： 14）He thought he was working for the people．
15）I heard she had been to the Great W all．
16）John hoped that he would find a job soon．
但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等,则不变化：
17）The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun．
巩固与检测请做下列2002年中考题：
1．In the bookshop,a reader asked the shop keeper _____Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book．（北京市东城区）
A．that B．how C．what D．if
2．—I don't know _____ Mr．Green will come to see us．
—He will help us with our English．（杭州市）
A．why B．when C．how D．where
3．—We never know _____ the old m an is． —They say he is a teacher. A．what B．who C．which D．where
4．I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers． A．that how B．how that C．when that D．that when
5．—Do you know _____ ?I'm going to see him． —Sorry,I don't know．（北京市海淀区） A．where does Mr．Li live B．where did Mr．Li live
C．where Mr．Li lives D．where Mr．Li lived
6．—W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer?
—Sorry,I have no idea．（南京市）
A．／；bought B．has；bought C．did；buy D．does；buy
7．I don't feel very well．Mum asked me _____this morning．（重庆市）
A. what the matter is B．what is wrong
C．what the matter was D．what wrong was
8．—Where is Jack?
—He is away to spend his holiday．He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan,but I'm not sure _____ ．（南昌市）
A．that B．which C．where D．there
Key: 宾语从句与中考试题 1—4 D A A D 5—8 C A C C
状语从句的种类
§ 1状语从句的种类
用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句.状语从句可分为：
1.时间状语从句；(adverbial clause of time)
2.地点状语从句；(adverbial clause of place)
3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause)
4.条件状语从句；(adverbial clause of condition)
5.目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpose)
6.让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession)
7.比较状语从句；(adverbial clause of comparison)
8.程度状语从句；(adverbial clause of degree)
9.方式状语从句；(adverbial clause of manner)
10.结果状语从句.(adverbial clause of result)
§2状语从句的时态特点
一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”.例如：
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话.（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时,表示一般将来时,决不可用will arrive）
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作,就回家.（从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished,表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished）
If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了,请通知我.（从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时,决不可用will come back）
二 时间状语从句
§3时间状语从句（adverbial clause of time）
1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句.例如：
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了.
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁.
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣服.
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动.
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑.
【区别】when, while和as的区别：when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词.并且when有时表示“就在那时”.例如：
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我在吃饭.(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水.（延续性的动词）
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了.
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）.并且while有时还可以表示对比.例如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球.（对比）
As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后.例如：
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱.（as表示“一边……一边”）
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了.（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句.注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”.还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系.当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后.After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后.主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反.例如：
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来.
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我.
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了.
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了.
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的.
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了.（从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时）
3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句.till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until.并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同.例如：
I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉.
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语.
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止.
I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作.
Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我.
4.由since引导的时间状语从句. since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词.一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时.但在It is ＋时间＋since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时.例如：
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了.
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了.
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了.
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句.这些连词都表示“一……就”.例如：
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去.
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点.
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话.
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意.主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时.当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序.例如：
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程.
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了.
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了.
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触.
6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句.注意时态的变化：在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时.例如：
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了.
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了.
7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句.例如：
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我.
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了.
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了.
8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句.这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”.例如：
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回来就行.
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反对这种境况.
三 地点状语从句
§4地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)
地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,例如：
句型1：Where＋地点从句,（there）＋主句.
【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there.例如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的.
They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人.因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎.
You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方.
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党,哪里人民得解放.
句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地点从句,＋主句.
【注意】anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后. 而wherever本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”.例如：
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员.