英语翻译Toxic effects of fluoride compounds have been described

英语翻译
Toxic effects of fluoride compounds have been described in aquatic invertebrates such as Daphnia magna (Dave,1984; LeBlanc,1980),Artemia salina (Pankhurst et al.,1980),Penaeus indicus (McClurg,1984; Hemens and Warwick,1972) and Hydropsyche spp.(Camargo and Tarazona,1990),and the species tested in soft water appear more sensitive to fluoride than those tested in hard or sea water.In fish,the fluoride toxicity may be influenced not only by the usual factors such as size (Hemens et al.,1975),species (Milhaud et al.,1981),and physiological state (Pillai and Mane,1984),but also by the physico-chemical characteristics of the water.Thus,the tolerance of fish to fluoride is increased by low temperatures (Angelovic et al.,1961) and high
levels of calcium hardness (Herbert and Shurben,1964).Pimentel and Bulkley (1983) found in Oncorhynchus mykiss that 96 hour LC50 values increased from 51 to 193 ppm F- as water hardness levels rose from 17 to 385 ppm CaCO3,and Smith etal.(1985) concluded that LCs0 values in Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pimephalespromelas varied with the initial water hardness due to the precipitation of calcium and magnesium salts.Nevertheless,up to the present,the chemical basis of fluoride toxicity to aquatic organisms is not well understood.In this connection,Chitra et al.(1983) have suggested that the toxic action of fluoride on fish may be mainly due to an inhibition of enzymatic activity.
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氟化物化合物的有毒效果在水生的无脊椎动物 ,像是水蚤 magna(大卫,1984;LeBlanc,1980) 已经被描述,Artemia 盐水湖 (Pankhurst et al.,1980),Penaeus indicus(McClurg,1984;Hemens 和 Warwick,1972) 和 Hydropsyche spp.(Camargo 和 Tarazona,1990),而且被测试的种在软的水变得更敏感到氟化物比较那些测试在硬或海洋水.在鱼中,氟化物毒性只有可能被影响不被那平常的因素 ,像是大小 (Hemens et al.,1975),种 (Milhaud et al.,1981),和生理学的州 (Pillai 和鬃毛,1984),但是也藉着水的 physico- 化学药品特性.因此,氟化物的鱼宽容是增加藉着低的温度 (Angelovic et al.,1961) 和高度
钙坚硬的程度.(男人名和 Shurben,1964) Pimentel 和 Bulkley(1983) 在 Oncorhynchus mykiss 中发现 LC50 价值从 51 到 193个百万分之一 F 增加的 96个小时- 如水坚硬水平从 17 到 385 百万分之一 CaCO3,和史密斯 etal 上升.(1985) 得出结论 LCs0 在 Gasterosteus aculeatus Pimephalespromelas 因对钙和镁盐的坠落开始的到期水坚硬而改变.然而,迄今为止,水生的生物氟化物毒性的化学基础不好了解.关于这一点,Chitra et al.(1983) 已经氟化物对鱼的有毒行动可能主要地是由于 enzymatic 活动的一个禁止.