英语翻译Design:Concept and ParadigmsThe word originates from the

英语翻译
Design:Concept and Paradigms
The word originates from the Latin designo meaning to mark out,
trace,plan; and also to point out,indicate,signify; to portray; or
delineate.7 In the context of the applied arts,engineering,and architecture;
design is both a noun and a verb.Design as a verb is the
process of originating and developing a plan for an aesthetic and
functional object,which usually requires considerable research,
thought,modeling,iterative adjustment,and redesign.The noun
is used both for the final plan of action (a drawing,model,or other description),or the result of following that plan of action (the object
produced).8 Design,ambiguously signifying both process and product,
is a term that has been used to include not only the design of
physical objects,but the entire range of artifacts made by human
beings:from buildings to organizations,behavioral worlds,and
theoretical constructs.9
Fallman 10 presents an attempt to conceptualize what the
discourse of design is and what designers do when they design.
The three accounts for design,which he names the “conservative
account,” the “romantic account,” and the “pragmatic account,” are
useful to situate our understanding of designing interactive systems,
and to frame our approach to design.
In the conservative account,“design is thought of as a scientific
or engineering endeavor; borrowing methodology and terminology
from natural sciences,mathematics,and systems theory,drawing
on a philosophical base in rationalism.”11 A widely held model of the
design process in the conservative account comes from Simon,12 and
Newell and Simon.13 Simon has proposed a view of design as a problem-
solving process he characterized as a “science of the artificial,”
distinguishing it from the natural sciences.In his model of designing,
he proposes a division of the design process into generation and
selection,considering generation either as a random combination
of given elements,or as a systematic search of a problem space.
This model of designing had profound impact not only on theories
specific to the design professions,but on other theories built on the
design metaphor,such as those in the fields of psychology,sociology,
and economics,and very strongly in computer science.
Within the conservative account,a design methodology
movement raised by the works of Alexander 14 and Jones 15 abstracts
the design steps into two major processes:an analysis of the problem
and a synthesis of a solution.During analysis the ill-defined and
unstructured problem,domain is decomposed into more manageable
constituents.In the synthesis stage,the designer constructs a solution
to the overall design problem by solving each part of the problem
constituents found during analysis.

设计概念和模式.
这个词源于拉丁语的意思在市中区中国,
微量,计划,并且指出,表明,象征着;描述;或者
delineate.7语境中的应用艺术、工程和建筑,
设计既是一个名词和动词.设计作为一个动词
起源和发展过程中以美学的和计划
功能目标,这通常需要相当多的研究,
思想、建模、迭代调整,并且重新设计.名词
同时利用是为最后的行动计划为一幅图画,模型,还是一个描述),或者在的结果行动计划为这个对象
造成的),隐约标志设计以制程和产品,
是一个术语,经常使用不仅包括设计的
物理的目标,但是全部制造的,人的宝物
从楼学习组织、行为世界,
理论constructs.9
10 Fallman算法,提出了一种尝试的开发
话语的设计,设计师的时候他们做设计.
这三个占设计、他称作“保守的
账户”“浪漫的帐户,”和“务实账户”
有用的建我们理解设计交互系统中,
我们接近,框架设计.
在保守的帐户,”设计,认为它是一个科学的
或工程的努力;借款方法和术语
从自然科学、数学和系统理论、图
理性主义的哲学基地.