英语翻译While economists still accept the theory that markets ar

英语翻译
While economists still accept the theory that markets are rational and that human behavior will drive towards optimization it may be that in the current state of financial markets that theory needs to be re-examined.Perhaps trying to treat markets and market behavior like a science does not account for the full range of human choice and unexpected events that impact the market.Equations and formulas cannot account for all events that trigger economic downturns.In 2001 the desire of North Americans to start spending money lavishly increased and the housing market boomed but it was not as a result of people gaining more money.To finance mortgages,people who could not afford mortgages entered into mortgages with little money towards down payments.“Economics and finance assume that survivors behave rationally,that everyone should try to do so and that the way to get people to behave rationally and become survivors is to teach them the techniques of optimization.” While the attribution of fault or blame between mortgage lenders and mortgage borrowers is beyond this paper it is worth noting that the situation occurred and could not have been predicted or the extent of the resulting damage could not have been forecasted.“Neoclassical economics is based on the premise that models characterized by rational,optimizing behavior capture the essence of human behavior.” This premise needs to be questioned in light of the current state of financial markets.
The reform options that should be implemented are to:1) strengthen legislation,2) provide more enforcement and 3) introduce penalties and sentences that encourage compliance.Because corporate crime usually involves money being abused and capital markets fraud it is viewed as less harmful than violent crime and other such crime.
Thus,to deter corporate misconduct effectively,the fine (the expected cost) should be set,at a minimum,at an amount equal to the expected profit or loss resulting from the misconduct (the expected benefit).A fine set at an amount less than the expected benefit would not deter the corporate offender; it would reduce the gains from engaging in the misconduct rather than eliminating them,thereby still making it profitable for the corporation to engage in the misconduct (albeit less so).

虽然经济学家仍然接受理论,市场是理性的,人类的行为将会驱动实现优化可能是在金融市场的当前状态,理论必须被重新检查.也许他想把市场和市场行为像一个科学没有账户,涵盖了所有的人类选择和意想不到的事件,影响市场.方程和公式不能解释所有的事件,引发经济衰退.2001年,北美人的欲望开始花巨资增加,房地产市场繁荣,但它不是由于人们获得了更多的钱.抵押贷款融资,那些付不起抵押贷款进入抵押贷款的钱很少向首付.“经济和金融的假设幸存者表现理智的,所有人都应该尝试着这样做,能把人们的行为理性和成为幸存者是教他们技术的优化.“虽然归属的故障或指责抵押贷款和抵押贷款借款人之间已经超出本文值得注意的情况发生,不可能预测到或产生的破坏程度也不可能被预测.“新古典主义经济学是基于一个前提,模型的特点,优化行为理性人类行为抓住它的本质.“这个前提需要质疑在光的当前状态的金融市场.
改革应该实现选项:1)加强立法,2)提供更多的实施和3)引入惩罚和句子,鼓励遵守.因为企业犯罪通常涉及资金被滥用和资本市场的欺诈,它被视为比暴力犯罪和危害更小的其他这样的犯罪.
因此,要阻止企业不当行为的有效利用,罚款(预期的成本)应该设置,至少,在相当于预期利润或不当行为造成的损失(预期收益).一个很好的设置的金额少于预期收益不会阻止企业罪犯;它还能够减少收益从参与不当行为而不是消除它们,从而仍然使它有利可图的公司从事不当行为(尽管没那么如此).