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英语语法,请讲一下一句话后有个逗号,逗号后面的动词形式,

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英语语法,请讲一下一句话后有个逗号,逗号后面的动词形式,
例如:Nowadays,a large number of women,especially those from the countryside,___in the clothing industry.___填的是work
只是个例子,我这一类的都不明白
再例如:Since 1994,the glacier in Antarctica has lowered by as much as 90cm,___sea level to rise.___填causing
我不是只指这一道题,这是语法的什么部分呢?
More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays,____advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.____填taking
____into use in Apirl 2000,the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns._____填Put
这个地方当然得填work了,因为主语是a large number of womene,而specially those from the countryside,则可以说是以插入语的身份来出现的,并不影响句子成分和结构,所以这个句子的主干仍然Nowadays,a large number of women,___in the clothing industry.这样的话你就应该明白横线上应该填什么了吧,哈哈
再问: 再例如:Since 1994, the glacier in Antarctica has lowered by as much as 90cm,___sea level to rise.___填causing 我不是只指这一道题,这是语法的什么部分呢? 为什么不是having caused/caused?
再答: 这里只是一个伴随状语,只是简单地陈述一个结果,再加之这是一个主动语态,所以不能用caused,也没必要用完成时态,完成时态的话一方面有个先后顺序。另一面也强调出现某种情况产生的影响