英语翻译Key words:acceptability,implementation,parking tax,traff

英语翻译
Key words:acceptability,implementation,parking tax,traffic reduction
Abstract.This paper evaluates the pros and cons of implementing parking pricing to reduce
auto use and traffic through parking taxes.Taxes on parkers and the providers are evaluated in
terms of effectiveness in influencing auto use,operations of the tax,and the legality as well as
acceptability of the options.The intent is to help local governments evaluate parking tax
approaches.
Abbreviation:TDM - Transportation Demand Management
Introduction
A growing body of research on traffic mitigation programs at employment sites
suggests parking pricing is effective in reducing employee solo driving and
associated vehicle trips to/from the sites.For example,a recent study of parking
and transit use at San Francisco hospitals found parking price the single most
important determinant of employee mode use,"accounting for up to 80 percent
of the variation in mode splits among six institutions" (Dowling,Feltham,
Wycko 1991).Commuter Computer,Inc.in Los Angeles dropped the drive
alone share among employees from 42 percent to 8 percent by eliminating free
parking (Surber,Shoup,Wachs 1984).Recent national reviews of employer
based TDM [Transportation Demand Management] programs in the United
States show reductions in solo driving among employees range from 12 to
40 percent at employers instituting priced parking for employees (Higgins
1990; Kenyon 1984; Kuzmyak,Schreffler 1990)."Cashing out" employer subsidies
of employee parking is another way to influence commuter vehicle
use through parking pricing.The cash out replaces employer provided free
or reduced rate employee parking with a cash equivalent.In this way,
employees have the option of accepting cash and using transit,or cycling or
walking to work.One study of Los Angeles commuters estimates the cash
out might reduce solo driving by as much as 24 percent (Willson,Shoup 1990).

Key words: acceptability, implementation, parking tax, traffic reduction
Abstract. This paper evaluates the pros and cons of implementing parking pricing to reduce auto use and traffic through parking taxes. Taxes on parkers and the providers are evaluated in terms of effectiveness in influencing auto use, operations of the tax, and the legality as well as acceptability of the options. The intent is to help local governments evaluate parking tax approaches. Abbreviation: TDM - Transportation Demand Management
关键词：可接受性、执行、停车税、降低交通拥挤.
摘要：本文针对执行停车定价及赋税来降低车辆使用率及缓解交通拥挤的利与弊进行评估.向停车位的提供者和使用者赋税的评估内容包括其降低车辆用率的有效性、赋税的方式以及采取这种选择的合法性与可接受性.本研究的目的是协助本地政府对收取停车税措施进行评估.
缩写：TDM – 交通运输需求管理
Introduction 引言
A growing body of research on traffic mitigation programs at employment sites suggests parking pricing is effective in reducing employee solo driving and associated vehicle trips to/from the sites. For example, a recent study of parking and transit use at San Francisco hospitals found parking price the single most important determinant of employee mode use, "accounting for up to 80 percent of the variation in mode splits among six institutions" (Dowling, Feltham, Wycko 1991). Commuter Computer, Inc. in Los Angeles dropped the drive alone share among employees from 42 percent to 8 percent by eliminating free parking (Surber, Shoup, Wachs 1984).
越来越多对工作场所交通疏缓计划的研究资料都认为要降低职工个人驾驶及往返工作场所相关的车次,采取停车定价是有效的措施.例如,最近对旧金山多家医院的停车情况及使用轻轨的调查研究发现,影响职工使用方式的一个最重要决定因素是停车价格,“在6家医院的不同使用方式中占了80%” (Dowling, Feltham, Wycko 1991文献)..在洛杉矶的Commuter Computer公司,在废除免费停车制度后,员工单人驾车上班的比率由42%降至8% (Surber, Shoup, Wachs 1984文献)..
Recent national reviews of employer based TDM [Transportation Demand Management] programs in the United States show reductions in solo driving among employees range from 12 to 40 percent at employers instituting priced parking for employees (Higgins 1990; Kenyon 1984; Kuzmyak, Schreffler 1990). "Cashing out" employer subsidies of employee parking is another way to influence commuter vehicle use through parking pricing. The cash out replaces employer provided free or reduced rate employee parking with a cash equivalent. In this way, employees have the option of accepting cash and using transit, or cycling or walking to work. One study of Los Angeles commuters estimates the cash out might reduce solo driving by as much as 24 percent (Willson, Shoup 1990).
最近美国对基于雇主的TDM计划进行的检讨显示,自雇主制定向员工收取停车费后,单人驾驶率降低了12%至40%不等(Higgins 1990; Kenyon 1984; Kuzmyak, Schreffler 1990文献).以现金替代雇主给员工停车的优惠是另一个促使员工采用公共交通的好方法.雇主用现金取代给予员工停车免费或优惠；因此,员工可以选择接受现金并使用轻轨,或骑自行车或步行上班.根据一项对洛杉矶乘客的研究测算,这种发放现金方法对单人驾车率可能降低多达24% (Willson, Shoup 1990文献).
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