作业帮关于万圣节、复活节、圣诞节
来源：学生作业帮 编辑：拍题作业网作业帮 分类：英语作业 时间：2024/04/29 22:00:00
关于万圣节、复活节、圣诞节
求这三个节日的起源~背后的故事,现今外国人如何过这些节日
要求是英文的,最好注上中文的大纲
求这三个节日的起源~背后的故事,现今外国人如何过这些节日
要求是英文的,最好注上中文的大纲
万圣节（中,英文版）
关于万圣节有这样一个故事.是说有一个叫杰克的爱尔半兰人,因为他对钱特别的吝啬,就不允许他进入天堂,而被打入地狱.但是在那里他老是捉弄魔鬼撒旦,所以被踢出地狱,罚他提着灯笼永远在人世里行走.在十月三十一日爱尔兰的孩子们用土豆和罗卜制作“杰克的灯笼”,他们把中间挖掉、表面上打洞并在里边点上蜡烛.为村里庆祝督伊德神的万圣节,孩子们提着这种灯笼挨家挨户乞计食物.?这种灯笼的爱尔兰名字是“拿灯笼的杰克”或者“杰克的灯笼”,缩写为Jack-o'-lantern ?在拼写为jack-o-lantern. 现在你在大多数书里读到的万圣节只是孩子们开心的夜晚.在小学校里,万圣节是每年十月份开始庆祝的.孩子们会制作万圣节的装饰品：各种各样桔红色的南瓜灯.你可以用黑色的纸做一个可怕的造形?一个骑在扫帚把上戴著尖尖帽子的女巫飞过天空,或者是黑蝙蝠飞过月亮.这些都代表恶运.当然黑猫代表运气更差.有时候会出现黑猫骑在女巫扫帚后面飞向天空的造形.在万圣节的晚上,我们都穿着爸爸妈妈的旧衣服和旧鞋子,戴上面具,打算外出.比我们小的孩子必须和他们的母亲一块出去,我们大一点的就一起哄到领居家,按他们的门铃并大声喊道：“恶作剧还是招待!”意思是给我们吃的,要不我们就捉弄你.里边的人们应该出?评价我们的化装. “噢!这是鬼,那是女巫,这是个老太婆.” 有时候他们会跟我们一起玩,假装被鬼或者女巫吓着了.但是他们通常会带一些糖果或者苹果放进我们的“恶作剧还是招待”的口袋里.可是要是没人回答门铃或者是有人把我们赶开该怎么办呢?我们就捉弄他们,通常是拿一块肥皂把他们的玻璃涂得乱七八糟.然后我们回家,数数谁的糖果最多.还有一个典型的万圣节花招是把一卷手纸拉开,不停地往树上扔,直到树全被白纸裹起?.除非下大雪或大雨把纸冲掉,纸会一直呆在树上.这并不造成真正的伤害,只是把树和院子搞乱,一种万圣节的恶作剧.
HALLOWEEN One story about Jack, an Irishman, who was not allowed into Heaven because he was stingy with his money. So he was sent to hell. But down there he played tricks on the Devil (Satan), so he was kicked out of Hell and made to walk the earth forever carrying a lantern. Well, Irish children made Jack's lanterns on October 31st from a large potato or turnip, hollowed out with the sides having holes and lit by little candles inside. And Irish children would carry them as they went from house to house begging for food for the village Halloween festival that honored the Druid god Muck Olla. The Irish name for these lanterns was "Jack with the lantern" or "Jack of the lantern," abbreviated as " Jack-o'-lantern" and now spelled "jack-o-lantern." The traditional Halloween you can read about in most books was just children's fun night. Halloween celebrations would start in October in every elementary school. Children would make Halloween decorations, all kinds of orange-paper jack-o-lanterns. And from black paper you'd cut "scary" designs ---an evil witch with a pointed hat riding through the sky on a broomstick, maybe with black bats flying across the moon, and that meant bad luck. And of course black cats for more bad luck. Sometimes a black cat would ride away into the sky on the back of the witch's broom. And on Halloween night we'd dress up in Mom or Dad's old shoes and clothes, put on a mask, and be ready to go outside. The little kids (children younger than we were) had to go with their mothers, but we older ones went together to neighbors' houses, ringing their doorbell and yelling, "Trick or treat!" meaning, "Give us a treat (something to eat) or we'll play a trick on you!" The people inside were supposed to come to the door and comment on our costumes. Oh! here's a ghost. Oh, there's a witch. Oh, here's an old lady. Sometimes they would play along with us and pretend to be scared by some ghost or witch. But they would always have some candy and maybe an apple to put in our "trick or treat bags." But what if no one come to the door, or if someone chased us away? Then we'd play a trick on them, usually taking a piece of soap and make marks on their windows. .And afterwards we would go home and count who got the most candy. One popular teen-agers' Halloween trick was to unroll a roll of toilet paper and throw it high into a tree again and again until the tree was all wrapped in the white paper. The paper would often stay in the tree for weeks until a heavy snow or rain washed it off. No real harm done, but it made a big mess of both the tree and the yard under it. One kind of Halloween mischief.
_______________________________________________圣诞节由来——中英文版
“圣诞节”这个名称是“***弥撒”的缩写.弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式.耶诞节是一个宗节我们把它当作耶苏的诞辰来庆祝,因而又名耶诞节.这一天,世界所有的***教会都举行特别的礼拜仪式.但是有很多圣诞节的欢庆活动和宗教并无半点关联.交换礼物,寄圣诞卡,这都使圣诞节成为一个普天同庆的日子.
圣诞节是***教世界最大的节日.4世纪初,1月6日是罗马帝国东部各教会纪念那稣降生和受洗的双重节日、称为“主显节”Epiphany,亦称“显现节”即上帝通过那稣向世人显示自己.当时只有那路拉冷的教会例外,那里只纪念耶稣的诞生而不纪念那稣的受洗.后来历史学家们在罗马***徒习用的日历中发现公元354年12月25日页内记录着：“***降生在犹大的伯利恒.”经过研究,一般认为12月25日伴为圣诞节可能开始于公元336年的罗马教会）约在公元375年传到小亚细亚的安提阿,公元430年传到埃及的亚历山大里亚,那路撒冷的教会接受得最晚,而亚美尼亚的教会则仍然坚持1月6日主显节是那稣的诞辰.
12月25日原来是波斯太阳神（即光明之神）密特拉（Mithra）的诞辰,是一个异教徒节日,同时太阳神也是罗马国教众神之一.这一天又是罗马历书的冬至节,崇拜太阳神的异教徒都把这一天当作春天的希望,万物复苏的开始.可能由于这个原因,罗马教会才选择这一天作为圣诞节.这是教会初期力图把异教徒的风俗习惯***教化的措施之一.
后来,虽然大多数教会都接受12月25日为圣诞节,但又固各地教会使用的历书不同,具体日期不能统一,于是就把12月24日到第二年的1月6日定为圣诞节节期（Christmas
Tide）,各地教会可以根据当地具体情况在这段节期之内庆祝圣诞节.自从12月25日被大多数教会公认为圣诞节后,原来1月6日的主显节就只纪念耶稣受洗了,但天主教会又把1月6日定为“三王来朝节”,以纪念耶稣生时东方三王（即三位博士）来朝拜的故事.随着***教的广泛传播,圣诞节已成为各教派***徒,甚至广大非***徒群众的一个重要节日.在欧美许多国家里,人们非常重视这个节日,把它和新年连在一起,而庆祝活动之热闹与隆重大大超过了新年,成为一个全民的节日.12月25日的主要纪念活动都与那稣降生的传说有关.
耶苏的出生是有一段故事的,耶苏是因着圣灵成孕,由童女马利亚所生的.神更派遣使者加伯列在梦中晓谕约瑟,叫他不要因为马利亚未婚怀孕而不要她,反而要与她成亲,把那孩子起名为“耶苏”,意思是要他把百姓从罪恶中救出来.
当马利亚快要临盆的时候,罗马政府下了命令,全部人民到伯利恒务必申报户籍.约瑟和马利亚只好遵命.他们到达伯利恒时,天色已昏,无奈两人未能找到旅馆渡宿,只有一个马棚可以暂住.就在这时,耶苏要出生了!於是马利亚唯有在马槽上,生下耶苏.后人为纪念耶苏的诞生,便定十二月二十五为圣诞节,年年望弥撒,纪念耶苏的出世.
圣诞节便是於十二月二十五日纪念耶苏的诞生,但真实的诞生日就没有人知道了.十九世纪,圣诞卡的流行、圣诞老人的出现,圣诞节也开始流行起来了.
Origin of Christmas
The name Christmas is short for 'Christ's Mass'. A Mass is a kind of
Church service. Christmas is a religious festival. It is the day we celebrate
as the birthday of Jesus.
There are special Christmas services in Christian churches all over the
world. But many of the festivities of Christmas do not have anything to
do with religion. Exchanging gifts and sending Christmas cards are the
modern ways of celebrating the Christmas in the orld.
The birth of Jesus had a story: In Nazareth, a city of Galilee. The virgin's
name was Mary was betrothed to Joseph. Before they came together, she was
found with child of the Holy Spirit. Joseph her husband was minded to put
her away secretly. While he thought about these things, Gabriel, an angel
of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and told him did not be afraid to
take Mary as wife. And Mary will bring forth a Son, and he shall call his
name, Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.
Before Jesus births, Joseph and Mary came to Quintus was governing Syria.
So all went to be registered, everyone to his own city. Joseph also went
up out of Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city
of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and of
the lineage of David, to be registered with Mary, his betrothed wife, who
was with child. So it was that while they were there, the days were completed
for her to be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn Son, and wrapped
him in swaddling cloths, and laid him in a manger, because there was no
room for them in the inn.
And that, Christmas is the feast of the nativity of Jesus, is on 25th,
December every year. But nobody know the actual birthday of Jesus. And
the Christmas has become popular when Christmas cards appeared in 1846
and the concept of a jolly Santa Claus was first made popular in nineteenth
Century.
________________________________________________复活节是最古老最有意义的基督教节日之一.它庆祝的是基督的复活,世界各地的基督徒每年都要举行庆祝.复活节还象征重生和希望.时间是春分月圆后的第一个星期日.
复活节是基督教纪念耶稣复活的节日.传说耶稣被钉死在十字架上,死后第三天复活升天.每年在教堂庆祝的复活节指的是春分月圆后的第一个星期日,如果月圆那天刚好是星期天,复活节则推迟一星期.因而复活节可能在3月22日至4月25日之间的任何一天. Easter
A Sunday between March 22 and April 25
The meaning of many different customs observed during Easter Sunday have been buried with time. Their origins lie in pre-Christian religions and Christianity. All in some way or another are a "salute to spring," marking re-birth. The white Easter lily has come to capture the glory of the holiday. The word "Easter" is named after Eastre, the Anglo-Saxon goddess of spring. A festival was held in her honor every year at the vernal equinox （春分）.
People celebrate the holiday according to their beliefs and their religious denominations （命名）. Christians commemorate Good Friday as the day that Jesus Christ died and Easter Sunday as the day that He was resurrected （复活）. Protestant settlers brought the custom of a sunrise service, a religious gathering at dawn, to the United States.
This year Easter will be celebrated on Sunday April 11, 2004. On Easter Sunday children wake up to find that the Easter Bunny has left them baskets of candy. He has also hidden the eggs that they decorated earlier that week. Children hunt for the eggs all around the house. Neighborhoods and organizations hold Easter egg hunts, and the child who finds the most eggs wins a prize.
The Easter Bunny is a rabbit-spirit. Long ago, he was called the" Easter Hare." Hares and rabbits have frequent multiple births so they became a symbol of fertility. The custom of an Easter egg hunt began because children believed that hares laid eggs in the grass. The Romans believed that "All life comes from an egg." Christians consider eggs to be "the seed of life" and so they are symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Why we dye, or color, and decorate eggs is not certain. In ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome and Persia eggs were dyed for spring festivals. In medieval Europe, beautifully decorated eggs were given as gifts.
Egg Rolling
In England, Germany and some other countries, children rolled eggs down hills on Easter morning, a game which has been connected to the rolling away of the rock from Jesus Christ's tomb when he was resurrected. British settlers brought this custom to the New World.
In the United States in the early nineteenth century, Dolly Madison, the wife of the fourth American President, organized an egg roll in Washington, D.C. She had been told that Egyptian children used to roll eggs against the pyramids so she invited the children of Washington to roll hard-boiled eggs down the hilly lawn of the new Capitol building! The custom continued, except for the years during the Civil War. In 1880, the First Lady invited children to the White House for the Egg Roll because officials had complained that they were ruining the Capitol lawn. It has been held there ever since then, only canceled during times of war. The event has grown, and today Easter Monday is the only day of the year when tourists are allowed to wander over the White House lawn. The wife of the President sponsors it for the children of the entire country. The egg rolling event is open to children twelve years old and under. Adults are allowed only when accompanied by children!
Traditionally, many celebrants （司仪神父） bought new clothes for Easter which they wore to church. After church services, everyone went for a walk around the town. This led to the American custom of Easter parades all over the country. Perhaps the most famous is along Fifth Avenue in New York City.
Good Friday is a federal holiday in 16 states and many schools and businesses throughout the U.S. are closed on this Friday.
典型的复活节礼物跟春天和再生有关系：鸡蛋、小鸡、小兔子、鲜花,特别是百合花是这一季节的象征.复活节前夕,孩子们为朋友和家人给鸡蛋着色打扮一番.这些蛋有的煮得很老,有的只是空空的蛋壳.复活节那天早上,孩子们会发现床前的复活节篮子里装满了巧克力彩蛋、复活节小兔子、有绒毛的小鸡及娃娃玩具等.据说复活节兔子会将彩蛋藏在室内或是草地里让孩子们去寻找.一年一度的美国白宫滚彩蛋活动经常被电视台实况转播.
在多数西方国家里,复活节一般要举行盛大的宗教游行.游行者身穿长袍,手持十字架,赤足前进.他们打扮成基督教历史人物,唱着颂歌欢庆耶稣复活.如今节日游行已失去往日浓厚的宗教色彩.节日游行洋溢着喜庆的气氛,具有浓烈的民间特色和地方特色.在美国,游行队伍中即有身穿牛仔服踩高跷的小丑,也有活泼可爱的卡通人物米老鼠.在英国,游行多以介绍当地的历史和风土人情为主,游行者化装成为苏格兰风笛乐队以及皇宫卫士,吸引了众多的游客.复活节的到来还使人们纷纷换上新衣.过去基督教教徒会在节前去教堂行洗礼,然后穿上自己的新袍,庆祝基督的新生.穿戴一新的习俗保留至今,因为人们认为节日里不穿新衣是要倒运的.复活节期间,人们还喜欢彻底打扫自己的住处,表示新生活从此开始.
德国政府规定复活节休息两天.在节日里,家人团聚,品尝各种传统食品,亲戚朋友见面要互相祝贺.象征生命的蛋、火、水、兔等成了复活节的吉祥物.鸡蛋和兔子在西方是新的生命和兴旺发达的象征.鸡蛋的本色象征太阳,把鸡蛋染成红色则象征生活幸福.在复活节中,父母要特地为孩子们准备制成鸡蛋、兔子形状的巧克力糖.亲友间要互赠彩蛋.在莱茵河中游和黑森东部的一些城镇,至今保留着“彩蛋树”这一古老习俗.人们把成百的蛋壳涂上彩画,串成蛋链,在复活节这天挂在松树上,制成彩蛋树,大人孩子围着彩蛋树唱歌、跳舞、庆祝复活节.而阿尔卑斯山的姑娘们则通过赠送红鸡蛋来表达自己的爱情.在复活节这天,姑娘如果向某一小伙子赠送三个红鸡蛋,表示姑娘向小伙子求爱.关于兔子成为复活节的吉祥物,是有一段传说的.
在古代耶稣复活之日,正值斯堪的纳维亚地区居民庆祝大地回春的“春太阳节”,作为草原、森林动物中多产动物之一的兔子,它象征了春天的复苏和新生命的诞生,同时它又是爱神阿弗洛狄特的宠物,也是日尔曼土地女神霍尔塔的持烛引路者.因此,现在兔子作为给孩子们送复活节鸡蛋的使者,深受孩子的宠爱.'在复活节这一天孩子定会收到兔形礼物. 火不仅给人类带来了光明,也使大地获得了新生.作为耶稣再生的象征,复活节的许多活动都与火相关.
复活节这一天,人们在教堂前点烛以示圣化,并将圣烛迎进千家万户.这一天,孩子们最快乐的事是把圣火送到各家.他们在教堂前用圣火点燃树枝,然后奔跑着送到各家各户,其间充满着欢快的节日气氛.在德国的巴伐利亚地区,每年的复活节居民们都要举行火炬赛跑,以庆祝耶稣的再生.而北莱茵上威斯特法伦州的吕克台复活节滚火轮更是远近闻名.六个巨型大木轮被火点燃滚下山谷,就像六个火球从天而降,漆黑的山谷被大火轮照得通明,它与五彩缤纷的焰火交相辉映,再次显示了火给人类带来了新生.
作为德国惟一的少数民族索布族人则是用百骑大合唱的形式来庆祝耶酥的复活.一个个身穿黑色上衣、头戴黑色礼帽的索布族人,骑在用彩带、鲜花和白色贝壳装饰的骏马上,浩浩荡荡地行进在林间小路上.他们边走边用粗犷雄厚的嗓音高唱赞歌,场面十分壮观.
复活节与食物
在欧洲,因为有四旬期(复活节前40天)的守斋的缘故,在每次复活节用餐前,都先予以祝圣；因此第七世纪时,就有祝圣羔羊的记载出现了,之后又多了油脂和火腿的祝圣.
其实四旬节守斋是禁止吃蛋类的.到了十二世纪,才开始有鸡蛋的祝圣；因此在复活节时,天主教徒会把蛋涂成红色,请神父祝圣,自己也用作礼物送给朋友,这是为什么现在复活节都要送彩蛋的最早起源.
除了鸡蛋外,还有其它食品,如奶油、乳酪、面包等的祝圣.在礼仪改革前的圣教典礼中,仍保留了羔羊、蛋、面包的祝圣经文.
在欧洲许多国家,复活主日的主餐均食羔羊肉,因为在祝圣羔羊时,可让人纪念摩西借着羔羊的血,领导以色列人出埃及,而这羔羊(后来称为逾越节的羔羊)是耶稣的预表：他是上帝的圣洁羔羊,藉他在十字架上所留的血,使人类得以洗净罪,脱离魔鬼的奴役.
蛋也象征春天及新生命的开始.到了基督徒的时代,更赋予了一层宗教意义：象征耶稣复活走出石墓.
而面包则使基督徒们想到耶稣是永生的活粮.在欧洲许多国家中,复活节通常会另外烤制特别的复活节面包,面包上画有基督耶稣的字样、十字架,或羔羊的图案等,以纪念基督.
复活节岛与复活节
在烟波浩渺的南太平洋上,有一个面积仅为165平方公里的小岛－－复活节岛,它以神秘的巨石人像和奇异的风情吸引着无数游人.复活节岛是智利的一个小岛,距智利本土3600多公里.据说,1722年荷兰探险家雅可布·洛吉文（Jabbo Roggeween）在南太平洋上航行探险,突然发现一片陆地.他以为自己发现了新大陆,赶紧登陆,结果上岸后才知道是个海岛.正巧这天是复活节（1722年4月5）,于是就将这个无名小岛命名为复活节岛.1888年,智利政府派人接管该岛,说来也巧,这天又正好是复活节.
关于万圣节有这样一个故事.是说有一个叫杰克的爱尔半兰人,因为他对钱特别的吝啬,就不允许他进入天堂,而被打入地狱.但是在那里他老是捉弄魔鬼撒旦,所以被踢出地狱,罚他提着灯笼永远在人世里行走.在十月三十一日爱尔兰的孩子们用土豆和罗卜制作“杰克的灯笼”,他们把中间挖掉、表面上打洞并在里边点上蜡烛.为村里庆祝督伊德神的万圣节,孩子们提着这种灯笼挨家挨户乞计食物.?这种灯笼的爱尔兰名字是“拿灯笼的杰克”或者“杰克的灯笼”,缩写为Jack-o'-lantern ?在拼写为jack-o-lantern. 现在你在大多数书里读到的万圣节只是孩子们开心的夜晚.在小学校里,万圣节是每年十月份开始庆祝的.孩子们会制作万圣节的装饰品：各种各样桔红色的南瓜灯.你可以用黑色的纸做一个可怕的造形?一个骑在扫帚把上戴著尖尖帽子的女巫飞过天空,或者是黑蝙蝠飞过月亮.这些都代表恶运.当然黑猫代表运气更差.有时候会出现黑猫骑在女巫扫帚后面飞向天空的造形.在万圣节的晚上,我们都穿着爸爸妈妈的旧衣服和旧鞋子,戴上面具,打算外出.比我们小的孩子必须和他们的母亲一块出去,我们大一点的就一起哄到领居家,按他们的门铃并大声喊道：“恶作剧还是招待!”意思是给我们吃的,要不我们就捉弄你.里边的人们应该出?评价我们的化装. “噢!这是鬼,那是女巫,这是个老太婆.” 有时候他们会跟我们一起玩,假装被鬼或者女巫吓着了.但是他们通常会带一些糖果或者苹果放进我们的“恶作剧还是招待”的口袋里.可是要是没人回答门铃或者是有人把我们赶开该怎么办呢?我们就捉弄他们,通常是拿一块肥皂把他们的玻璃涂得乱七八糟.然后我们回家,数数谁的糖果最多.还有一个典型的万圣节花招是把一卷手纸拉开,不停地往树上扔,直到树全被白纸裹起?.除非下大雪或大雨把纸冲掉,纸会一直呆在树上.这并不造成真正的伤害,只是把树和院子搞乱,一种万圣节的恶作剧.
HALLOWEEN One story about Jack, an Irishman, who was not allowed into Heaven because he was stingy with his money. So he was sent to hell. But down there he played tricks on the Devil (Satan), so he was kicked out of Hell and made to walk the earth forever carrying a lantern. Well, Irish children made Jack's lanterns on October 31st from a large potato or turnip, hollowed out with the sides having holes and lit by little candles inside. And Irish children would carry them as they went from house to house begging for food for the village Halloween festival that honored the Druid god Muck Olla. The Irish name for these lanterns was "Jack with the lantern" or "Jack of the lantern," abbreviated as " Jack-o'-lantern" and now spelled "jack-o-lantern." The traditional Halloween you can read about in most books was just children's fun night. Halloween celebrations would start in October in every elementary school. Children would make Halloween decorations, all kinds of orange-paper jack-o-lanterns. And from black paper you'd cut "scary" designs ---an evil witch with a pointed hat riding through the sky on a broomstick, maybe with black bats flying across the moon, and that meant bad luck. And of course black cats for more bad luck. Sometimes a black cat would ride away into the sky on the back of the witch's broom. And on Halloween night we'd dress up in Mom or Dad's old shoes and clothes, put on a mask, and be ready to go outside. The little kids (children younger than we were) had to go with their mothers, but we older ones went together to neighbors' houses, ringing their doorbell and yelling, "Trick or treat!" meaning, "Give us a treat (something to eat) or we'll play a trick on you!" The people inside were supposed to come to the door and comment on our costumes. Oh! here's a ghost. Oh, there's a witch. Oh, here's an old lady. Sometimes they would play along with us and pretend to be scared by some ghost or witch. But they would always have some candy and maybe an apple to put in our "trick or treat bags." But what if no one come to the door, or if someone chased us away? Then we'd play a trick on them, usually taking a piece of soap and make marks on their windows. .And afterwards we would go home and count who got the most candy. One popular teen-agers' Halloween trick was to unroll a roll of toilet paper and throw it high into a tree again and again until the tree was all wrapped in the white paper. The paper would often stay in the tree for weeks until a heavy snow or rain washed it off. No real harm done, but it made a big mess of both the tree and the yard under it. One kind of Halloween mischief.
_______________________________________________圣诞节由来——中英文版
“圣诞节”这个名称是“***弥撒”的缩写.弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式.耶诞节是一个宗节我们把它当作耶苏的诞辰来庆祝,因而又名耶诞节.这一天,世界所有的***教会都举行特别的礼拜仪式.但是有很多圣诞节的欢庆活动和宗教并无半点关联.交换礼物,寄圣诞卡,这都使圣诞节成为一个普天同庆的日子.
圣诞节是***教世界最大的节日.4世纪初,1月6日是罗马帝国东部各教会纪念那稣降生和受洗的双重节日、称为“主显节”Epiphany,亦称“显现节”即上帝通过那稣向世人显示自己.当时只有那路拉冷的教会例外,那里只纪念耶稣的诞生而不纪念那稣的受洗.后来历史学家们在罗马***徒习用的日历中发现公元354年12月25日页内记录着：“***降生在犹大的伯利恒.”经过研究,一般认为12月25日伴为圣诞节可能开始于公元336年的罗马教会）约在公元375年传到小亚细亚的安提阿,公元430年传到埃及的亚历山大里亚,那路撒冷的教会接受得最晚,而亚美尼亚的教会则仍然坚持1月6日主显节是那稣的诞辰.
12月25日原来是波斯太阳神（即光明之神）密特拉（Mithra）的诞辰,是一个异教徒节日,同时太阳神也是罗马国教众神之一.这一天又是罗马历书的冬至节,崇拜太阳神的异教徒都把这一天当作春天的希望,万物复苏的开始.可能由于这个原因,罗马教会才选择这一天作为圣诞节.这是教会初期力图把异教徒的风俗习惯***教化的措施之一.
后来,虽然大多数教会都接受12月25日为圣诞节,但又固各地教会使用的历书不同,具体日期不能统一,于是就把12月24日到第二年的1月6日定为圣诞节节期（Christmas
Tide）,各地教会可以根据当地具体情况在这段节期之内庆祝圣诞节.自从12月25日被大多数教会公认为圣诞节后,原来1月6日的主显节就只纪念耶稣受洗了,但天主教会又把1月6日定为“三王来朝节”,以纪念耶稣生时东方三王（即三位博士）来朝拜的故事.随着***教的广泛传播,圣诞节已成为各教派***徒,甚至广大非***徒群众的一个重要节日.在欧美许多国家里,人们非常重视这个节日,把它和新年连在一起,而庆祝活动之热闹与隆重大大超过了新年,成为一个全民的节日.12月25日的主要纪念活动都与那稣降生的传说有关.
耶苏的出生是有一段故事的,耶苏是因着圣灵成孕,由童女马利亚所生的.神更派遣使者加伯列在梦中晓谕约瑟,叫他不要因为马利亚未婚怀孕而不要她,反而要与她成亲,把那孩子起名为“耶苏”,意思是要他把百姓从罪恶中救出来.
当马利亚快要临盆的时候,罗马政府下了命令,全部人民到伯利恒务必申报户籍.约瑟和马利亚只好遵命.他们到达伯利恒时,天色已昏,无奈两人未能找到旅馆渡宿,只有一个马棚可以暂住.就在这时,耶苏要出生了!於是马利亚唯有在马槽上,生下耶苏.后人为纪念耶苏的诞生,便定十二月二十五为圣诞节,年年望弥撒,纪念耶苏的出世.
圣诞节便是於十二月二十五日纪念耶苏的诞生,但真实的诞生日就没有人知道了.十九世纪,圣诞卡的流行、圣诞老人的出现,圣诞节也开始流行起来了.
Origin of Christmas
The name Christmas is short for 'Christ's Mass'. A Mass is a kind of
Church service. Christmas is a religious festival. It is the day we celebrate
as the birthday of Jesus.
There are special Christmas services in Christian churches all over the
world. But many of the festivities of Christmas do not have anything to
do with religion. Exchanging gifts and sending Christmas cards are the
modern ways of celebrating the Christmas in the orld.
The birth of Jesus had a story: In Nazareth, a city of Galilee. The virgin's
name was Mary was betrothed to Joseph. Before they came together, she was
found with child of the Holy Spirit. Joseph her husband was minded to put
her away secretly. While he thought about these things, Gabriel, an angel
of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and told him did not be afraid to
take Mary as wife. And Mary will bring forth a Son, and he shall call his
name, Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.
Before Jesus births, Joseph and Mary came to Quintus was governing Syria.
So all went to be registered, everyone to his own city. Joseph also went
up out of Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city
of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and of
the lineage of David, to be registered with Mary, his betrothed wife, who
was with child. So it was that while they were there, the days were completed
for her to be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn Son, and wrapped
him in swaddling cloths, and laid him in a manger, because there was no
room for them in the inn.
And that, Christmas is the feast of the nativity of Jesus, is on 25th,
December every year. But nobody know the actual birthday of Jesus. And
the Christmas has become popular when Christmas cards appeared in 1846
and the concept of a jolly Santa Claus was first made popular in nineteenth
Century.
________________________________________________复活节是最古老最有意义的基督教节日之一.它庆祝的是基督的复活,世界各地的基督徒每年都要举行庆祝.复活节还象征重生和希望.时间是春分月圆后的第一个星期日.
复活节是基督教纪念耶稣复活的节日.传说耶稣被钉死在十字架上,死后第三天复活升天.每年在教堂庆祝的复活节指的是春分月圆后的第一个星期日,如果月圆那天刚好是星期天,复活节则推迟一星期.因而复活节可能在3月22日至4月25日之间的任何一天. Easter
A Sunday between March 22 and April 25
The meaning of many different customs observed during Easter Sunday have been buried with time. Their origins lie in pre-Christian religions and Christianity. All in some way or another are a "salute to spring," marking re-birth. The white Easter lily has come to capture the glory of the holiday. The word "Easter" is named after Eastre, the Anglo-Saxon goddess of spring. A festival was held in her honor every year at the vernal equinox （春分）.
People celebrate the holiday according to their beliefs and their religious denominations （命名）. Christians commemorate Good Friday as the day that Jesus Christ died and Easter Sunday as the day that He was resurrected （复活）. Protestant settlers brought the custom of a sunrise service, a religious gathering at dawn, to the United States.
This year Easter will be celebrated on Sunday April 11, 2004. On Easter Sunday children wake up to find that the Easter Bunny has left them baskets of candy. He has also hidden the eggs that they decorated earlier that week. Children hunt for the eggs all around the house. Neighborhoods and organizations hold Easter egg hunts, and the child who finds the most eggs wins a prize.
The Easter Bunny is a rabbit-spirit. Long ago, he was called the" Easter Hare." Hares and rabbits have frequent multiple births so they became a symbol of fertility. The custom of an Easter egg hunt began because children believed that hares laid eggs in the grass. The Romans believed that "All life comes from an egg." Christians consider eggs to be "the seed of life" and so they are symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Why we dye, or color, and decorate eggs is not certain. In ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome and Persia eggs were dyed for spring festivals. In medieval Europe, beautifully decorated eggs were given as gifts.
Egg Rolling
In England, Germany and some other countries, children rolled eggs down hills on Easter morning, a game which has been connected to the rolling away of the rock from Jesus Christ's tomb when he was resurrected. British settlers brought this custom to the New World.
In the United States in the early nineteenth century, Dolly Madison, the wife of the fourth American President, organized an egg roll in Washington, D.C. She had been told that Egyptian children used to roll eggs against the pyramids so she invited the children of Washington to roll hard-boiled eggs down the hilly lawn of the new Capitol building! The custom continued, except for the years during the Civil War. In 1880, the First Lady invited children to the White House for the Egg Roll because officials had complained that they were ruining the Capitol lawn. It has been held there ever since then, only canceled during times of war. The event has grown, and today Easter Monday is the only day of the year when tourists are allowed to wander over the White House lawn. The wife of the President sponsors it for the children of the entire country. The egg rolling event is open to children twelve years old and under. Adults are allowed only when accompanied by children!
Traditionally, many celebrants （司仪神父） bought new clothes for Easter which they wore to church. After church services, everyone went for a walk around the town. This led to the American custom of Easter parades all over the country. Perhaps the most famous is along Fifth Avenue in New York City.
Good Friday is a federal holiday in 16 states and many schools and businesses throughout the U.S. are closed on this Friday.
典型的复活节礼物跟春天和再生有关系：鸡蛋、小鸡、小兔子、鲜花,特别是百合花是这一季节的象征.复活节前夕,孩子们为朋友和家人给鸡蛋着色打扮一番.这些蛋有的煮得很老,有的只是空空的蛋壳.复活节那天早上,孩子们会发现床前的复活节篮子里装满了巧克力彩蛋、复活节小兔子、有绒毛的小鸡及娃娃玩具等.据说复活节兔子会将彩蛋藏在室内或是草地里让孩子们去寻找.一年一度的美国白宫滚彩蛋活动经常被电视台实况转播.
在多数西方国家里,复活节一般要举行盛大的宗教游行.游行者身穿长袍,手持十字架,赤足前进.他们打扮成基督教历史人物,唱着颂歌欢庆耶稣复活.如今节日游行已失去往日浓厚的宗教色彩.节日游行洋溢着喜庆的气氛,具有浓烈的民间特色和地方特色.在美国,游行队伍中即有身穿牛仔服踩高跷的小丑,也有活泼可爱的卡通人物米老鼠.在英国,游行多以介绍当地的历史和风土人情为主,游行者化装成为苏格兰风笛乐队以及皇宫卫士,吸引了众多的游客.复活节的到来还使人们纷纷换上新衣.过去基督教教徒会在节前去教堂行洗礼,然后穿上自己的新袍,庆祝基督的新生.穿戴一新的习俗保留至今,因为人们认为节日里不穿新衣是要倒运的.复活节期间,人们还喜欢彻底打扫自己的住处,表示新生活从此开始.
德国政府规定复活节休息两天.在节日里,家人团聚,品尝各种传统食品,亲戚朋友见面要互相祝贺.象征生命的蛋、火、水、兔等成了复活节的吉祥物.鸡蛋和兔子在西方是新的生命和兴旺发达的象征.鸡蛋的本色象征太阳,把鸡蛋染成红色则象征生活幸福.在复活节中,父母要特地为孩子们准备制成鸡蛋、兔子形状的巧克力糖.亲友间要互赠彩蛋.在莱茵河中游和黑森东部的一些城镇,至今保留着“彩蛋树”这一古老习俗.人们把成百的蛋壳涂上彩画,串成蛋链,在复活节这天挂在松树上,制成彩蛋树,大人孩子围着彩蛋树唱歌、跳舞、庆祝复活节.而阿尔卑斯山的姑娘们则通过赠送红鸡蛋来表达自己的爱情.在复活节这天,姑娘如果向某一小伙子赠送三个红鸡蛋,表示姑娘向小伙子求爱.关于兔子成为复活节的吉祥物,是有一段传说的.
在古代耶稣复活之日,正值斯堪的纳维亚地区居民庆祝大地回春的“春太阳节”,作为草原、森林动物中多产动物之一的兔子,它象征了春天的复苏和新生命的诞生,同时它又是爱神阿弗洛狄特的宠物,也是日尔曼土地女神霍尔塔的持烛引路者.因此,现在兔子作为给孩子们送复活节鸡蛋的使者,深受孩子的宠爱.'在复活节这一天孩子定会收到兔形礼物. 火不仅给人类带来了光明,也使大地获得了新生.作为耶稣再生的象征,复活节的许多活动都与火相关.
复活节这一天,人们在教堂前点烛以示圣化,并将圣烛迎进千家万户.这一天,孩子们最快乐的事是把圣火送到各家.他们在教堂前用圣火点燃树枝,然后奔跑着送到各家各户,其间充满着欢快的节日气氛.在德国的巴伐利亚地区,每年的复活节居民们都要举行火炬赛跑,以庆祝耶稣的再生.而北莱茵上威斯特法伦州的吕克台复活节滚火轮更是远近闻名.六个巨型大木轮被火点燃滚下山谷,就像六个火球从天而降,漆黑的山谷被大火轮照得通明,它与五彩缤纷的焰火交相辉映,再次显示了火给人类带来了新生.
作为德国惟一的少数民族索布族人则是用百骑大合唱的形式来庆祝耶酥的复活.一个个身穿黑色上衣、头戴黑色礼帽的索布族人,骑在用彩带、鲜花和白色贝壳装饰的骏马上,浩浩荡荡地行进在林间小路上.他们边走边用粗犷雄厚的嗓音高唱赞歌,场面十分壮观.
复活节与食物
在欧洲,因为有四旬期(复活节前40天)的守斋的缘故,在每次复活节用餐前,都先予以祝圣；因此第七世纪时,就有祝圣羔羊的记载出现了,之后又多了油脂和火腿的祝圣.
其实四旬节守斋是禁止吃蛋类的.到了十二世纪,才开始有鸡蛋的祝圣；因此在复活节时,天主教徒会把蛋涂成红色,请神父祝圣,自己也用作礼物送给朋友,这是为什么现在复活节都要送彩蛋的最早起源.
除了鸡蛋外,还有其它食品,如奶油、乳酪、面包等的祝圣.在礼仪改革前的圣教典礼中,仍保留了羔羊、蛋、面包的祝圣经文.
在欧洲许多国家,复活主日的主餐均食羔羊肉,因为在祝圣羔羊时,可让人纪念摩西借着羔羊的血,领导以色列人出埃及,而这羔羊(后来称为逾越节的羔羊)是耶稣的预表：他是上帝的圣洁羔羊,藉他在十字架上所留的血,使人类得以洗净罪,脱离魔鬼的奴役.
蛋也象征春天及新生命的开始.到了基督徒的时代,更赋予了一层宗教意义：象征耶稣复活走出石墓.
而面包则使基督徒们想到耶稣是永生的活粮.在欧洲许多国家中,复活节通常会另外烤制特别的复活节面包,面包上画有基督耶稣的字样、十字架,或羔羊的图案等,以纪念基督.
复活节岛与复活节
在烟波浩渺的南太平洋上,有一个面积仅为165平方公里的小岛－－复活节岛,它以神秘的巨石人像和奇异的风情吸引着无数游人.复活节岛是智利的一个小岛,距智利本土3600多公里.据说,1722年荷兰探险家雅可布·洛吉文（Jabbo Roggeween）在南太平洋上航行探险,突然发现一片陆地.他以为自己发现了新大陆,赶紧登陆,结果上岸后才知道是个海岛.正巧这天是复活节（1722年4月5）,于是就将这个无名小岛命名为复活节岛.1888年,智利政府派人接管该岛,说来也巧,这天又正好是复活节.