英语翻译个人英语水平实在有限,请不要翻译工具上复制粘贴,这我还是看的出来的!翻的好再追加分!It is now wide

英语翻译
个人英语水平实在有限,请不要翻译工具上复制粘贴,这我还是看的出来的!翻的好再追加分!
It is now widely accepted that universities
and public research institutes (URIs) played a
substantial role in the development of many
high-technology regions in the United States
and abroad (Bresnahan & Gambardella,
2004).In the United States,the two most suc-
cessful clusters of high-technology firms in both
the information technologies and biotechnolo-
gies are the Boston and San Francisco Bay
areas,which are also the locations of the top
four universities (Kenney & von Burg,
1999).
The presence of global-class universi-
ties in these two regions is partially responsible
for their success.Their students often remained
in the area and eventually became entrepre-
neurs,and the research conducted at their uni-
versities,at times,became the seed for new
firms (Kenney,1986; Shane,2004; Zucker,Dar-
by,& Brewer,1998).
The discussions of high-technology regions
have focused on developed countries.
In the cases of Taiwan (Saxenian,2004) and India
(Arora,Gambardella,& Torrisi,2004),univer-
sity research does not appear to have been a
significant contributor to regional growth thus
far; although in Taiwan the Information Tech-
nology Research Institute played an important
role in the development of the Hsinchu
Technology Park (Noble,2000).In all of these
countries,well-trained university graduateswere critical inputs.In the last decade,three IT
industry-based clusters,Beijing,Shanghai,and
Shenzhen,have emerged in China.
This paper examines the role of URIs in the development
of IT clusters in Beijing and Shenzhen.We will
argue that in the case of Beijing,the URIs were
critical contributors,while in Shenzhen they
made no contribution.
Universities have long been considered
important institutions in national innovation
systems (NIS) (Lundvall,1992; Nelson,1993).
Over the decades the university has been dele-
gated a variety of roles in addition to education
and research; these include public service,
improving national competitiveness,helping
to ameliorate social injustice (e.g.,affirmative
action),and regional economic development.
The NIS perspective highlights the fact that
countries organize innovation differently.Not
unexpectedly,the role of universities in each
NIS differs significantly.The NIS perspective
has been criticized by scholars who have as-
serted that innovation processes in industries
and regions differ even within the countries.
For example,Saxenian (1994) argued that the
institutions and entrepreneurship of Silicon
Valley and Boston differed appreciably,some-
thing she attributed to cultural characteristics,
rather than path dependent historical outcomes
and different industry foci.

在美国和海外,大学和公共研究机构（URIs）对许多高科技领域的发展中扮演了重要角色,这一观点已被广泛接受(Bresnahan & Gambardella,2004).美国最成功的信息技术和生物工程领域的高科技密集企业在波士顿和旧金山湾地区,这里也是排名在前四名的大学所在地(Kenney & von Burg,1999).世界顶尖大学的存在与这些公司的成功是有一定关系的.这些学校的学生经常会留在这一地区,并最终成为企业家,而大学里进行的研究会不时成为新兴企业的种子(Kenney,1986; Shane,2004; Zucker,Dar-by,& Brewer,1998).关于高科技领域的讨论集中在发达国家.台湾(Saxenian,2004)和印度(Arora,Gambardella,& Torrisi,2004)的情况是,迄今为止,大学的研究没有为地区增长做出主要贡献；虽然台湾信息技术研究院在新竹科技园(Noble,2000)的发展中扮演了重要角色.在所有这些国家中,训练有素的大学毕业生都是关键性投入.过去十年里,中国三大IT产业密集地：北京、上海、深圳已经突显.本文考查了URIs在北京和深圳IT产业发展中所起的作用.我们认为,北京的情况是URIs起了关键作用；而在深圳URIs没起什么作用.在国家体制改革(NIS)中,大学早已被认为是重要机构(Lundvall,1992; Nelson,1993).几十年的发展中,除了教学和科研大学已经被赋予多种角色；包括公共服务、提高国家的竞争力、协助改善社会的不公平现象（比如：反歧视行动：通过保证教育和就业平等机会的积极措施以纠正过去的歧视性政策或计划）,促进地区经济增长.国家体制改革设想强调每个国家进行改革的方式是不同的.无疑,在各国的体制改革中,大学所起的作用也有显著不同.已有学者对国家体制改革设想提出批评,学者认为即使在同一个国家里,不同产业、不同地区的改革进程也是不同的.比如,萨克森宁(Saxenian 1994)指出,硅谷和波士顿的公共机构和企业家就稍有不同,她将他们的差异归因于文化特征,而不是历史原因和不同产业的特点.