英语翻译In this article we have developed a typology of global v

英语翻译
In this article we have developed a typology of global value chain governance
and presented some theoretical justifications for why these patterns
might occur.We argue that the structure of global value chains depends
critically upon three variables:the complexity of transactions,the ability to
codify transactions,and the capabilities in the supply-base.These variables
are sometimes determined by the technological characteristics of products
and processes (some transactions are inherently more complex and difficult
to codify than others,for example) and they often depend on the
effectiveness of industry actors and the social processes surrounding the
development,dissemination,and adoption of standards and other codification
schemes.It is the latter set of determinants,in particular,that opens
the door for policy interventions and corporate strategy.
The global value chains framework focuses on the nature and content of
the inter-firm linkages,and the power that regulates value chain coordination,
mainly between buyers and the first few tiers of suppliers.However,
it is important not to ignore the actors at both ends of the value chain.
On the upstream end,component and equipment suppliers can wield a
great deal of power.For example,in the personal computer industry two
firms,Intel and Microsoft,set parameters that most other value chain actors
must to adjust to.The power of such ‘parameter-setting’ firms,such as
Shimano in bicycles and Applied Materials in semiconductors,is not exerted
through explicit coordination,but through their market dominance
in key components and technologies.On the downstream end of the chain,
highly knowledgeable users can play a significant role in determining the
attributes and innovative trajectory of the products and services that global
value chains churn out,as they do in many complex service industries such
as enterprise computing.Even average consumers are far from passive,as
Leslie and Reimer (1999) point out.Consumer culture,whether it emerges
from the home,street,school,or park,can subvert the original intention
of producers by altering and ascribing meaning to products in ways that
designers and marketers never intended.
Our primary concern in this article is with organizational structures that
span international borders and particularly in those that have a global
reach.Nonetheless,local and national structures and institutions also
matter.Geographers and planners have provided us with insights into
how the spatial and social propinquity of local industrial agglomerations
work to buoy organizationally disaggregated,and often highly innovative,
economic activities (e.g.,Storper and Scott,1988; Storper andWalker,
1989).This work has usefully stressed the spatial embeddedness of tacit
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在这篇文章中我们已经研制出一种全球价值链治理类型学
提出了一些理论理,为什么这些模式
可能会发生.我们认为,全球价值链的结构决定
批判性地在三个变量:交易的复杂性、能力
交易编号,能力,在诸形态.这些变量
有时是由产品的工艺特征
有些交易和过程(天生就更复杂和艰难
比别人编号,例如),他们往往依靠
演员的有效性和社会过程工业周围
开发、传播和所采用的标准和其他编码
方案.它是后者套行列式,特别是开放
门为政策干预和企业战略.
全球价值链框架和内容主要集中在自然的
公司间的联系,电力调节价值链协调,
主要在买家和供应商的最初几层.然而,
重要的是不要忽略了演员的两端价值链.
在上游端口、组件及设备供应商可以挥棒
巨大的力量.例如,在个人电脑产业两个
公司,英特尔和微软、参数设定,大多数其他价值链的演员
必须与之适应、配合.这样的力量的参数设定的公司,比如
在自行车和应用材料Shimano半导体,而不是发挥
通过明确的配合,而通过他们的市场优势
在关键部件和技术.在下游端口的链条,
高度知性的用户可以扮演着一个重要的角色在确定
属性和创新的轨迹,全球的产品和服务
价值链产生,就像在许多复杂的服务行业
为企业计算.即使平均消费者远离被动的,
莱斯琳和Reimer(1999)指出.消费文化,无论它出现
在家里、街道、学校和公园,可以汲取的初衷
通过改变产业电子化的生产者和产品的方式的意义
设计师和营销从没打算.
在这篇文章中我们主要关心的是与组织结构
跨越国界,特别是在那些有一个全球性的问题
到达.然而,地方和全国性的组织机构
物质.地理学家与设计人员已经给我们提供了洞察
空间和社会如何相近地区的产业集群吗
为了防止组织上的模块化设计工作,并且经常高度创新,
经济活动(例如,Storper和斯科特,1988分;Storper andWalker,
1989).干这项工作空间的印迹的隐性强调
给个最佳吧 最佳啊 呜呜 谢谢