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英语反意疑问句详解?

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英语反意疑问句详解?
反意疑问句是一种礼貌用语,常用在闲聊中,说话人对自己的陈述还没有十分的把握,需要征求对方的同意或肯定,印证所陈述之事.它是英语中的四大问句之一.
反意疑问句的种类和结构
反意疑问句是由一个陈述句加上一个短问句而构成的,其疑问部分的动词与陈述部分的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系,其基本句子结构有以下两种:
 1. 肯定陈述句+简略否定问句,即:前肯后否.如:
It’s veryhot today, isn’t it? 今天很热,是吗?
 2. 否定陈述句+简略肯定问句,即:前否后肯.如:
Bill didn’twant to go, did he? 比尔不想去,是吧?
反意疑问句构成上的几条原则
 1. 简略问句中的be动词、情态动词或助动词在人称、数及时态上,应和陈述部分相一致.
  ①陈述部分为be (充当系动词或助动词)时,简略问句中用相应形式的be (am, is are, was,were).如:
I’m notlate, am I? 我没迟到,是吧?
They’replaying soccer on the playground, aren’t they? 他们在操场上踢足球,是不是?
  ②陈述部分含有情态动词或者助动词时,简略疑问部分该情态动词或助动词的相应形式.如:
You couldswim five years ago, couldn’t you? 你五年前就会游泳,是吗?
He has beenlearning English for four years, hasn’t he? 他一直学了四年英语,对吗?
We don’t goto work on Sundays, do we? 星期日我们不用上班,对不对?
  ③陈述部分没有be动词、情态动词或者助动词时,简略疑问部分须依据人称、数以及时态而使用助动词do, does或者did.如:
Neither ofthem complained, did they? 他俩都没抱怨,对吧?
You alwaysstay up late every night, don’t you? 你每天晚上都熬夜,是不是?
This picturelooks very nice, doesn’t it? 这画很好看,对吗?
 2. 简略否定问句中的not一般要和be、情、助等加以缩略.如:
She’s a computer programmer, isn’t she? 她是一位电脑程序设计员,对吗?
You ride to school every day, don’t you? 你每天骑车上学,是不是?
 3. 简略问句中的主语须是人称代词,且应和陈述句中的主语相一致.
  ①陈述部分的主语为something, anything, everything, nothing等表示事物的复合不定代词时,简略疑问部分的主语用it.如:
Nothinghappened, did it? 没发生什么事,对吧?
  ②陈述部分的主语为someone,somebody, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, no one,nobody等表示人的复合不定代词时,简略疑问部分的主语通常用they(强调全部),有时也会用he(强调个体).如:
Everyonewill come, won’t they? 大家都会来,是不是?
No one knowsthe answer, does he? 没人知道这个答案,对吧?
  ③陈述部分的主语为指示代词时,疑问部分的主语用it(单数)或they(复数).如:
This is hisbook, isn’t it? 这是他的书,是吗?
Those aren’tcats, are they? 那些不是猫,对吧?
  ④非谓语动词及从句做主语时,疑问部分的主语用it.如:
Watching TV too much is bad for our eyes, isn’t it? 电视看多了对眼睛有害,对不对?
To do a good deed isn’t difficult, is it? 做件好事并不难,对吧?
What he said is true, isn't it? 他说的是真的,对吧?
⑤陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定,用we/you/they.如:
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 我和你都不是工程师,对吧?
Either you or he went shopping, didn’t you? 不是你就是他到买过东西,是吧?
⑥当陈述部分的主语是不定代词one 时,疑问部分的主语用one或you.如:
One can’t remember everything, can one/you ? 一个人不可能什么都记得住,对吧?
⑦若陈述部分的主语是“the +形容词”表一类人时,疑问部分的主语用they代替;若是表某一抽象概念时,疑问部分的主语用it代替.例如:
The rich are not always very happy,are they?有钱人并不总是很开心,对不对?
The young should respect the old,shouldn't they?年轻人应该尊重老年人,是吧?
The beautiful isn't always good,is it?漂亮的不总是好的,是不是?
4. 陈述部分为祈使句时,简略疑问句一般用will you(表示请求)或者won’t you(表示委婉请求或邀请).如:
Please giveme a hand, will/won’t you? 帮帮我,行吗?
Don’t belate again, will/won’t you? 别再迟到了,好吗?
 5. 陈述部分如有never, hardly, few, little, no, nothing, none, no one, nobody,neither等否定词或者too…to…(太……而不能……)结构时,应视为否定陈述句.
Your sisteris too young to go to school, is she? 你妹妹年纪太小而上不了学,是吧?
His father said nothing, did he? 他父亲什么也没说,是不是?
6.反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un-, im-, in-, ir-,dis-, -less等否定意义的前缀或后缀构成的词语时,要视为肯定陈述句.如:
Your father is unhappy, isn’t he? 你父亲不高兴,是吧?
The man is dishonest, isn’t he? 这人不诚实,对不对?
He dislikes this movie, doesn’t he? 他不喜欢这部影片,是吗?
7.陈述部分为含宾语从句的主从复合句时,简略疑问部分的动词与主语须和主句中的动词与主语相一致.如:
Our teacher told us that we would have a test next week, didn’t he? 老师说我们下周要进行测验,对不对?
Li Ming wonders when they are going there, does he? 黎明想知道他们何时到那儿去.
8.陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用“may +主语”.如:
I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我希望和你说说话,行吗?
反意疑问句中须特别注意的事项
1. 陈述部分为there be句型时,疑问部分仍然用there, 而不用人称代词.如:
There’re two lions in the zoo, aren’t there? 动物园里有两头狮子,是吗?
There will be a meeting this afternoon, won’t there?今天下午有个会议,是吗?
 2.陈述部分为“I am (或I’m)….”的肯定句结构时,简略疑问部分用“aren’t I”.如:
I’m yourteacher, aren’t I? 我是你们的老师,不是吗?
3.以Let’s (注意不是Let us)开头的祈使句,简略疑问部分用shall we(表示请求)或shan’t we(表示委婉请求或邀请).如:
Let’s go outfor a walk, shall/shan’t we? 出去散散步,行吗?
 4. 陈述部分是“I/We think(believe, suppose, consider)+ that从句”时,简略疑问部分应和从句相一致,但须注意否定前移的现象.如:
I supposedLi Ming had closed the windows, hadn’t he? 我想李明已经关了窗户,是不是?
I don’tthink she’s right, is she? 我认为她不对,是不是?
5. 陈述部分用must(may, might) + have + V-ed表示推测时,若句中带有明显的过去时间的状语,问句部分动词用过去时形式;若句中没有带明显的过去时间的状语,问句部分动词用现在完成时形式.如:
You must have worked there a year ago, didn’t you?一年前你肯定在那儿工作,是吧?
Everyone may have known the death of his dog, haven’t they?大家可能已经知道他的狗死了,对不对?
6.有关have一词的反意疑问句.
①在陈述句中充当助动词时,疑问部分仍然用have.如:
The doctorhas already gone, hasn’t he? 医生已经走了,对不对?
  ②在陈述句中充当行为动词,表示“有,拥有”之意时,疑问部分可用have,也可用助动词do.如:
She hadthree apartments ten years ago, hadn’t/didn’t she? 十年前,她有三幢别墅,是吗?
  ③在陈述句中充当行为动词,表示“有,拥有”以外的意义时,疑问部分只可用助动词do.如:
Tom has hislunch at 12:30, doesn’t he? 汤姆12:30吃午饭,是吗?
  ④在情态动词have to 中时,疑问部分用助动词do.如:
We have to finish the work before 5:00, don’t we? 五点以前必须完成这事,是吧?
He had to go there, didn’t he? 他必须到哪儿去,对吧?
  ⑤在情态动词had better 中时,疑问部分用had.如:
He'd bettergo home now, hadn't he? 他最好现在就回家去,是吧?
 7. 有关情态动词must的反意疑问句.
  ①must表示“必须”时,疑问部分用mustn’t.如:
We must keepit as a secret, mustn’t we? 我们必须对此保守秘密,是吧?
  ②must表示“有必要”时,疑问部分用needn’t.如:
You mustleave a little earlier,needn’t you? 你有必要早点出发,对吗?
  ③must表示“一定、肯定”等推测意义时,疑问部分一般不用情态动词,而和must后的动词相一致.如:
He must bein the classroom ten minutes ago, wasn’t he? 十分钟前他肯定在教室,对不对?
He must play basketball very well, doesn’t he? 他篮球肯定打得很好,是吗?
8.陈述部分用used to (过去常常)时,疑问部分用did或used均可.例如:
He used to live in the country, didn’t he?/usedn’t he? 他曾经住在乡下,对吧?
注:当"used to…"后有联系动词"be"时,疑问部分既可用"usedn't,也可用wasn't/weren't. 例如:
They used to be good friends, didn’t they?/usedn’t they? 他们曾是好朋友,是吗?
There used to be a river there,usedn't/wasn't there?那儿曾经有条河,对不对?
9.含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用“shouldn't /oughtn't +主语”.例如:
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't / shouldn't he? 他应该知道怎么办,是不是?
10.含情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分对应的用need 或dare.如:
We need not do it again, need we? 我们不必再做了,是吧?
You dare not say so, dare you? 你不敢说,是吗?
但是,当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do/does/did.
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
11.感叹句的反意疑问句中,附加部分用 be 的一般现在时的否定式,主语则在逻辑上与感叹句保持一致.如:
What fine weather, isn't it? 多好的天气,是吧?
How hard she works, isn't she? 她学习真努力,是不是?
12.can't 表示推测,作“不可能”解时,附加部分根据后的动词选用相应的形式.
He can't be a doctor, is he?他不可能是个医生,对吧?
The students can't have finished their work, have they? 学生不可能已经做完了作业,对不对?
13.当陈述部分是由"I'm sure that; I'm afraid that; We are sure that; We are afraid that; I feel sure that; I hope that; We feel sure that; It seems that"等句型构成时,因主要意思在从句,故疑问部分的主语要与从句的主语保持一致.例如:
I'm sure that you know him well,don't you?你肯定非常了解他,是吧?
It seems that you are an expert,aren't you?你好像是个专家,对吧?
14.若陈述部分是被动语态形式且带有动词定式做主语补足语时,其疑问部分中动词形式必须根据句意用不同的时态,分述如下:
① 若有表过去的时间状语或者谓语动词是过去是时态,疑问部分助动词did构成.例如:
He is said to have finished the research work last year, didn't he?
②若谓语是一般现在时或主语补足语含有be动词时,则疑问部分用be的适当形式.例如:
She is said to be running a big company, isn't she?
③若谓语是一般现在时且主语补足语是完成式时,则疑问部分用have的适当形式.例如:
They are said to have read that book, haven't they?
15.当陈述部分有"It is said(told, reported, believed等)+that clause"时,其反意疑问句的疑问部分要与从句中的主谓语保持一致.例如:
It is reported that the police caught the thief yesterday, didn't they?
It is said that she has won the first placein this competition, hasn't she?
16.若陈述部分含有由连词"but,and,or,for"等构成的并列句时,则反意疑问句的疑问部分要根据第二个分句的主谓语来决定.例如:He failed many times, but he succeeded at last, didn't he?
He is a doctor,but his wife is a teacher, isn't she?
I speak Chinese,but he speaks English, doesn't he?
We must hurry,or we will be late for class, won't we?
She studies hard,for it is the third time that shehas been praised,isn't it?
17.当陈述部分的主语有缩写形式 'd时,要分清是would, could, should还是had的缩写形式;若有缩写形式 's时,要分清是is 还是has 的缩写.例如:
You'd like to go with her, wouldn't you? (You'd=you would)
He'd rather die than give in, wouldn't he? (He'd=he would)
Mary's coming tomorrow, isn't she? (Mary's=Mary is)
Peter's heard the news, hasn't she? (Peter's=Peter has)
She's used to living in the country, isn't she (She's=She is)
18.在反意疑问句中,疑问部分用缩略形式.但有时,在很正式的语体中,为了特殊强调,可以不用缩略形式,不过不常用.例如:
He is very strong, is he not?
反意疑问句的答语
  回答反意疑问句时,不管问题是何种提法,若事实是肯定的,用yes回答;若事实是否定的,就用no来回答.如:
1.----He likes dogs, doesn’t he? 他喜欢狗,是不是?
----Yes, hedoes. 是的,他喜欢狗.(事实是肯定的)
----No, hedoesn’t. 不,他不喜欢狗.(事实是否定的)
2.----He isn‘t a doctor, is he ? 他不是医生,是吗?
----Yes, heis .不,他是医生.(事实是肯定的)
----No, heisn't. 是的,他不是医生.(事实是否定的)
反意疑问句的语调
  反意疑问句的陈述部分读降调,简略疑问部分则应视具体情况用升调或降调,具体规律如下:
 1. 说话人对陈述部分的说法把握性较大,即不需要对方提供情况,只是希望得到对方的同意时,简略疑问部分用降调.如:
  当一个人看到天空中乌云密布时,他就会这样说:It’s going to ↘rain, ↘isn’t it?
 2. 说话人对陈述部分的说法把握性不大,即自己尚不清楚所陈述的是否真实,要求对方加以证实时,简略疑问部分用升调.
  当一个人在当天早上的天气预报中听说午后到傍晚有雷阵雨,但是在15点的时候,天空中还是没有会下雨的迹象,他可能就会这样说:It’s going to↘rain, ↗isn’t it?