作业帮法国文化、教育的英文介绍
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法国文化、教育的英文介绍
The culture of France and of the French people has been shaped by geography,by profound historical events,and by foreign and internal forces and groups.France,and in particular Paris,has played an important role as a center of high culture and of decorative arts since the seventeenth century,first in Europe,and from the nineteenth century on,world wide.From the late nineteenth century,France has also played an important role in cinema,fashion and cuisine.The importance of French culture has waxed and waned over the centuries,depending on its economic,political and military importance.French culture today is marked both by great regional and socioeconomic differences and by strong unifying tendencies.
Education
The French educational system is highly centralised,organised,and ramified.It is divided into three different stages:
primary education (enseignement primaire); secondary education (collège and lycée); and higher education (l'université)(or les Grandes écoles).
Primary and secondary education is predominantly public (private schools also exist,in particular a strong nationwide network of primary and secondary Catholic education),while higher education has both public and private elements.At the end of secondary education,students take the baccalauréat exam,which allows them to pursue higher education.The baccalauréat pass rate in 1999 was 78.3%.
In 1999–2000,educational spending amounted to 7% of the French GDP and 37% of the national budget.
Since the Jules Ferry laws of 1881-2,named after the then Minister of Public Instruction,all state-funded schools,including universities,are independent from the (Roman Catholic) Church.Education in these institutions is free.Non-secular institutions are allowed to organize education as well.The French educational system differs strongly from Northern-European and American systems in that it stresses the importance of partaking in a society as opposed to being responsibly independent.
Secular educational policy has become critical in recent issues of French multiculturalism,as in the "affair of the Islamic headscarf".
While the French trace the development of their educational system to Napoléon,the modern era of French education begins at the end of the nineteenth century.Jules Ferry,a lawyer holding the office of Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s,is widely credited for creating the modern Republican school (l'école républicaine) by requiring all children between the ages of 6 and 12 - boys and girls - to attend.He also made public instruction mandatory,free of charge and secular (laïque).With these laws,known as Jules Ferry laws,and several others,the Third Republic repealed most of the Falloux Laws of 1850-1851,which gave an important role to the clergy.
Education
The French educational system is highly centralised,organised,and ramified.It is divided into three different stages:
primary education (enseignement primaire); secondary education (collège and lycée); and higher education (l'université)(or les Grandes écoles).
Primary and secondary education is predominantly public (private schools also exist,in particular a strong nationwide network of primary and secondary Catholic education),while higher education has both public and private elements.At the end of secondary education,students take the baccalauréat exam,which allows them to pursue higher education.The baccalauréat pass rate in 1999 was 78.3%.
In 1999–2000,educational spending amounted to 7% of the French GDP and 37% of the national budget.
Since the Jules Ferry laws of 1881-2,named after the then Minister of Public Instruction,all state-funded schools,including universities,are independent from the (Roman Catholic) Church.Education in these institutions is free.Non-secular institutions are allowed to organize education as well.The French educational system differs strongly from Northern-European and American systems in that it stresses the importance of partaking in a society as opposed to being responsibly independent.
Secular educational policy has become critical in recent issues of French multiculturalism,as in the "affair of the Islamic headscarf".
While the French trace the development of their educational system to Napoléon,the modern era of French education begins at the end of the nineteenth century.Jules Ferry,a lawyer holding the office of Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s,is widely credited for creating the modern Republican school (l'école républicaine) by requiring all children between the ages of 6 and 12 - boys and girls - to attend.He also made public instruction mandatory,free of charge and secular (laïque).With these laws,known as Jules Ferry laws,and several others,the Third Republic repealed most of the Falloux Laws of 1850-1851,which gave an important role to the clergy.