英语中现在完成时与将来完成时（总结

英语中现在完成时与将来完成时（总结

现在完成时(have/has done,have/has been done)
现在完成时着眼于现在,强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果,或是由过去持续到现在的动作.
1.现在完成时常用的时间状语有lately,recently,just,already,yet,up to now,till now,so far,to this day,in the past few years/months/weeks/days,over the past few years,during the last three months,for the last few centuries,through centuries,throughout history等.
2.在时间状语从句中,谓语动词可以用现在完成时代替将来完成时.例如：
Mother won’t let her watch TV until she has finished her homework.母亲要到她做完作业才让她看电视.
The dinner party will begin after all the guests arrive/have arrived.所有的客人到了以后,聚餐就开始了.
3.has/have been to与has/have gone to的区别.has/have been to表示“曾去过”,说明有某种经历；has/have gone to表示“已去某地(在途中或已经到达目的地).例如：
They have been to Sweden many times.他们去过瑞典许多次了.
Jack isn’t in.He has gone to the supermarket.杰克不在,他去超市了.
4.现在完成时特别强调瞬间动词和持续性动词.瞬间动词表示短暂、不能持续一段时间的动作,如come,go,leave,start,begin,become,receive,die,而持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作,如work,stay,live,learn等.下面列举一些常用的瞬间动词和对应的持续性动词：leave,be away；die,be dead；put on,wear；fall ill,be ill；borrow,keep；catch cold,have a cold；buy,have；join the army,be in the army.例如：
My brother has been in the army for some time.我兄弟参军有一段时间了.
My brother joined the army some time ago.我兄弟是一段时间以前参的军.
He has been up for an hour.他起床有一小时了.
He got up an hour ago.他一小时前起的床.
Jack has been a soldier for some time.杰克当兵有段时间了.
Jack became a soldier some time ago.杰克是在一段时间前当的兵.
但是,瞬间动词的肯定结构可以用不与“for+时间段”连用的现在完成时,说明某个动作已经发生；瞬间动词的否定结构可以与“for+时间段”连用,说明某动作不发生的状态可以持续一段时间.例如：
Hurry up!The film has begun.快一点!电影已经开始了.
We haven’t heard from her for a long time.我们很久没收到她的来信了.
5.句型It is/has been + 时间段 + since(从句的谓语动词用一般过去时) 例如：
It is two months since they came here.他们来这里两个月了.
It is ten years since his father died.他父亲去世有十年了.
6.持续性动词用于含有till/until的句子结构,表示该动作一直持续到某时间终止；而瞬间动词的否定结构用于till/until句子中,表示某动作不发生的状态延续到某时间终止,可译为“直到……才……”.例如：
They went on working till supper time.他们继续工作到晚餐时间.
They didn’t stop wording till supper time.他们一直到晚餐时间才停止工作.
I will stay until you come.我会等到你来.
I won’t leave until you come.直到你来了,我才会离开.
7.句型this is the first/ second/ third … time that(从句的谓语动词用现在完成时) 例如：
This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会
将来完成时
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作.经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用.
1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态.
b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或一获得的经验.
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由"shall/will + have +过去分词"构成的.
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的.
He is somebody now.He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了,他可能不会记得老同学了.
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?
到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧?
将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响.
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元.
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍.
②表示推测,相当于"must have done"结构.
You will have heard of this,I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了.
I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息.