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英语翻译When new CERs are developed,consideration must be given

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英语翻译
When new CERs are developed,consideration must be given to the fact that all projects
are different i.e.the development stage of the project,the CAD tool used,and the
designer’s experience need to be captured in order to create a valid CER.The final CER
was developed using information obtained from a group of parts (i.e.part family),
which were designed for a specific project.Therefore,these CERs should be used only
on similar part types.
There were no logbooks kept by the designers on the examined project,consequently
there were no actual times booked for each part.Therefore,it was necessary to capture
the development time by asking the designers involved with modelling the parts.The
designers estimated the total time and the ratio between time spent on quantitative and
qualitative activities.Because of this approach,there is still considerable uncertainty
within the estimate,which can affect the final result.In addition,there are further
subjective questions related to the allocations of mass,structure,manufacturing,and
assembly.These were estimated as a percentage of the qualitative time and therefore
involve more uncertainty and added risk.In order to increase the validity of design
thinking time,designers need to log the indirect time related to the part being developed
and modelled.This is not a trivial matter since designers are not accustomed to
measuring their working time for analysis.This will be a difficult task for all companies
that undertake such a project.
The final qualitative CER included only one qualitative variable,surface related.The
impact this variable has on the final CER is logical.The time to design a part increases
when a part is surface related.Variables that are excluded during the analysis are,
among others,the designer’s experience and competence.This is not logical,since logic
dictates that a more experienced and competent designer should have an effect on the
outcome,i.e.lower design time.This issue is addressed through discussion with the
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designers and by adding ‘experience allocations’ to the qualitative time.This is purely
subjective and can add to the risk.Nevertheless,it is possible to quantify the risks
involved within the CERs and therefore a risk analysis should be carried out.A risk
analysis will help to manage the risks before they actually occur [27].
One of the questions examined was whether CATIA data,or low-level features should
be used in stage two of the development of a quantitative CER (see figure 2).The total
quantitative CER shows slightly better results when low-level features are used.
However,the data set was too small to rely on the result,this needs to be further
examined before the CATIA data can be removed from consideration.
The research described within this paper recognised the fact that estimating design
effort is not a widely researched topic area,and furthermore,that CER development
needs to consider both the direct and indirect design times to improve estimating
accuracy.Therefore,this paper presented a methodology for developing CERs that
explicitly consider and capture both quantitative (direct CAD working time) and
qualitative (design thinking time) design times during the CER development process.
These CERs can be used to more accurately predict the development time of 3D-models
on a CAD workstation.The methodology reduces the subjectivity of CER development
through the separation of the qualitative and quantitative issues before adding them
together to produce a final CER.The qualitative data was captured through designed questionnaires.This makes the CER
development process more repeatable and therefore,scientific.However,not all-
subjective issues could be removed through the questionnaires.Furthermore,statistical analysis,on its own was not effective to create the final CERs.
当新的CER文件开发成功的时候,人们必须考量这样一个现实:所有的项目设计都是不同的.例如,项目开发阶段使用了CAD工具,而设计者利用以往的工作经验有助于开发出一款有效的CER文件.最终的CER文件是通过捕获一组为特定项目计划研发的组建上的信息资源而开发出的.因此,这些CER文件只能用于相似的组建类型的项目计划中.
设计者因为没有通过测试项目的日志,所以无法预计其中任何一个组件的实际耗时.因此,有必要询问参与建模组建的设计者需要多长时间来进行研发.设计者们计算设计总共的耗时、定量和定性工作耗时的比例关系.由于这一方法的使用,所以必须将可预见的不确定性的时间考虑在内,以免影响最终结果.此外,质量分配、结构、制造和组装等后续的一系列主观问题,可以用来估算定性时间比例,因此也引入了更多的不确定性因素,危险性也增加了.为了提高设计思维时间的合理性,设计者们需要将组建开发和建模相关的间接时间记录在日志上.这一点很重要,因为设计者并不习惯于分析计算他们工作的时间.对于所有公司来讲,开展这个项目都是一项困难的工作.
利用CER软件进行的最后的质量分析包括一个与表面相关的定性变量.对于CER软件分析结果来讲,这一变量的作用是使项目具有逻辑性.当一个组件与表面变量相关,这个组件的设计时间就要增加.分析的变量并不包括设计者的能力和工作经验.由于逻辑性决定一个比别人具有更高能力和工作经验的设计者,就应该比其他人的工作表现更好¬——设计时间更短,所以这一点上是没有逻辑性的.在这一问题上,通过与22位设计者讨论,确立了在质量工作时间中添加工作经验分配.这个完全主管的因素也会增加项目的风险.因此,CER软件中设计的风险应该并定性,并且进行风险性分析.风险分析将有助于在风险出现前进行控制.其中一个问题需要进行评估,即是否CATIA数据,或者低水平特征应该使用在开发的两个阶段和CER的定量评估阶段.CER软件的全项定量分析显示使用低水平特征的结果稍好于未使用低水平特征的结果.然而,数据集太小,还不能够得出结果,需要在忽略CATIA数据前进行进一步的测定.
本论文的研究指出,估算设计工作不是学术界所广泛研究的课题领域,此外,CER软件的开发必须将直接和间接的设计时间考虑在内,以提高计算的精确性.因此,本论文是对CER软件开发进行了方法学研究,CER设计过程中显然要考量和获得定量设计时间(制作CAD文件的工作时间)和定性设计时间(设计分析时间).
应用CER软件,能够更加精确的估算基于CAD工作平台的3D建模开发时间.以往的CER开发是将定性和定量工作分开考量,而改进的方法则削弱了分析的主观性.定性分析数据来自设计的问卷调查.通过方法改进,CER软件开发过程的重复性和科学性增加.然而,问卷调查并不能消除所有的主观因素.因此,单独使用统计学分析方法来确定最终CER方案的方法并不可行.
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