英语翻译The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early key

英语翻译
The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries --- the spinet,the dulcimer,and the virginal.In the seventeenth century the organ,the clavichord,and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group,a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.The clavichord's tone was metallic and never powerful; nevertheless,because of the variety of tone possible to it,many composers found the clavichord a sympathetic instrument for intimate chamber music.The harpsichord with its bright,vigorous tone was the favorite instrument for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use,but the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices.
The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker in Italy (though musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument).This instrument was called a piano e forte (sort and loud),to indicate its dynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head.The wires were much heavier in the earlier instruments.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century,including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it,the perfection of a metal frame,and steel wire of the finest quality,finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound,from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp,percussive brilliance.
NOTE:
Musical Instruments
1.The strings (弦乐)
1) plectrum:harp,lute,guitar,mandolin;
2) keyboard:clavichord,harpsichord,piano;
3) bow:violin,viola,cello,double bass.
2.The Wood（木管）-winds :piccolo,flute,oboe,clarinet,bassoon,English horn;
3.the brass（铜管）:French horn,trumpet,trombone,cornet,tuba,bugle,saxophone;
4.the percussion（打击组）:kettle drum,bass drum,snare drum,castanet,xylophone,celesta,cymbal,tambourine.

钢琴的祖先可以被追踪到第十五个和第十六个世纪的早期的键盘仪器 --- spinet、洋琴和小型有键乐器.在第十七个世纪他们维护的器官、击弦古钢琴和大键琴成为了键盘小组,霸权首要仪器,直到钢琴代替了他们在18世纪的结尾.击弦古钢琴的口气是金属和从未强有力的; 然而,由于口气品种可能对它,许多作曲家发现了击弦古钢琴为亲密的室内乐的一台有同情心的仪器.与它明亮,苍劲的口气的大键琴是喜爱的仪器为支持期间的小乐队的低音和为音乐会使用,除被机械或结构设备之外,但是口气的字符不可能变化.
The钢琴在18世纪初被完善了由一个大键琴制造者在意大利(虽然音乐学者指出仪器的几个早先事例).这台仪器称钢琴e长处(排序和大声),表明它的动态通用性; 它的串由与一个感觉被填塞的头的一把退却锤子碰撞.导线是重在更加早期的仪器.很好继续入19世纪的一系列的机械改善,包括脚蹬的介绍承受口气或软化它,金属框架的完美和最美好的质量的钢绳,由最精美的和谐最后生产了一台仪器有能力在无数的音调的作用上到声音的几乎管弦乐队的丰满度,从液体,唱歌口气对锋利,有敲击特征的光华.
NOTE ：
Musical仪器
1.The串(弦乐)
1)琴拨：竖琴,琵琶,吉他,曼陀林;
2)键盘：击弦古钢琴,大键琴,钢琴;
3)弓：小提琴,中提琴,大提琴,低音提琴.
2.Wood（木管）-winds ：短笛,长笛,oboe,单簧管,巴松管,英国低音号;
3.brass（铜管） ：法国号,喇叭,伸缩喇叭,短号,风琴,军号,萨克斯管;
4.the percussion（打击组） ：水壶鼓,大鼓,军鼓,响板,木琴,celesta,铙钹,小手鼓.