英语翻译法律英语Privileges:Rule 26(b) (1) excludes privileged matter

英语翻译
法律英语
Privileges:
Rule 26(b) (1) excludes privileged matter from being discoverable.Federal privileges are controlled by Rule 501 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
The first question to ask regarding this aspect of discovery is,what privilege law applies?Rule 501 provides that federal privileges,as developed by the courts,will apply.The exception is that in civil cases for which state law “provides the rule of reason” as to an element of a claim or defense,state privileges will apply.This essentially means that in federal criminal cases and federal civil cases based on federal question jurisdiction,federal privilege law will apply.However,in federal civil cases based on diversity jurisdiction,state privileges rules will apply.Which state’s privileges rules will apply is determined by the forum state’s choice-of-law rules.Where a privilege is based on the U.S.Constitution,such as the Fifth Amendment’s self-incrimination clause,it applies regardless of the type of federal case involved.
The second question that must be asked is,what is the applicable federal or state privilege law?When the Federal Rules of Evidence were enacted,Congress chose not to codify federal common law privileges,preferring to let federal privileges continue to develop in the courts.Therefore,care must always be taken to research the law of the appropriate jurisdiction,because privilege law can vary.
State privileges,by contrast,are developed by both the courts and the legislatures,although in recent years the trend has been to codify privileges.Keep in mind that state jurisdictions vary widely in their privilege law.While all states recognize frequently used privileges such as marital,attorney-client and doctor-patient,they vary substantially in their recognition of others such as the privilege for accountants,reporter’s informants,and governmental secrets,also varies significantly.This is an area of evidence law that,when joined with choice of law issues,always requires substantial research.
急用!

特权：
规则第26条（二） （ 1 ）不包括享有特权的问题,从被发现的.联邦特权受到管制规则501的联邦证据规则.
第一个要问的问题已就这方面的发现就是,有什么特权,法律适用?规则第501条规定,联邦特权,因为由法院,将适用.例外的是,在民事案件中,为哪个国家法"的规定,该规则的理由" ,以一个单元的索赔或国防,国家特权,将适用.这基本上是指在联邦刑事案件和联邦民事案件,根据联邦司法管辖权的问题,联邦特权法律将适用.然而,在联邦民事案件基于多样性的管辖权,国家特权规则将适用.哪个国家的特权规则,将适用,是由所在地国家的法律选择规则.凡特权是基于美国宪法规定,如第五修正案的自证其罪的条款,但适用不论以何种类型的联邦案件涉及.
第二个问题是必须要问的是,什么是适用的联邦或州法律的特权呢?当联邦证据规则的制定,美国国会决定不把固有的联邦普通法特权,他们宁愿让联邦特权继续发展,并提交法院审理.因此,护理必须始终采取研究法律的适当管辖权的,因为法律的特权,可以有很大的不同.
国家的特权,相反,是发达国家都法院和立法机构,虽然近年来的趋势已编纂特权.请记住,该国的司法管辖区有很大的不同,在他们的特权法.同时,所有国家都承认经常使用的特权,如婚姻,律师-委托人与医患,他们有很大的差别,在他们承认其他如有幸为会计师,记者的线人,和政府机密的行为,也有很大差别.这是一个方面的证据法,当加入与法律的选择问题上,总是需要大量的研究工作.