英语翻译Agricultural R&D investments have had a huge payoff (Als

英语翻译
Agricultural R&D investments have had a huge payoff (Alston et al.2000).Yet there has been a considerable slowdown in such investments over the past two decades,and this may already be contributing to a slowing of agricultural productivity growth (Alston et al.2009a,b).If that slowdown in investment was in response to the low prices of food in international markets in the mid-1980s,then the rise in those prices in recent years,together with the newly per- ceived need for adaptive research in response to climate change and increased water scarcity,may boost farm productivity growth over the next four decades.Advances in biotechnology will help raise potential yields in field trials and thus attainable yields in the best farms,but much can also be gained by reducing the gap between those attainable yields and average on-farm yields,particularly in developing countries.Part of the slowdown in traditionally measured gains from agricultural research in recent decades may be due to research being directed away from things such as maintaining and improving yields and towards conservation of natural resources and the environment.It is likely that climate change concerns will also lead to some re-direction of R&D investment,to goals such as crop tolerance to drought and other extreme weather events.Another large dilemma for research administrators,both public and private,is how much effort to direct to transgenic foods.While there remains strong opposition by some consumers and governments of large countries to GM food production and imports,the returns from such research will be dampened,both absolutely and relative to efforts to produce non-food GM crops (cotton,biofuels and other industrial crops).R&D on the latter will reduce the upward pressure that demands for those non-food crops would otherwise put on food prices,but the anti- GM food stance will continue to reduce the potential for biotechnology to lower food prices in countries where GM food is discouraged or banned—with major implications for bilateral trade flows since it effectively divides the world food supplies into two separate markets (Anderson & Jackson 2006).

Agricultural R&D investments have had a huge payoff (Alston et al.2000).Yet there has been a considerable slowdown in such investments over the past two decades,and this may already be contributing to a slowing of agricultural productivity growth (Alston et al.2009a,b).If that slowdown in investment was in response to the low prices of food in international markets in the mid-1980s,then the rise in those prices in recent years,together with the newly per- ceived need for adaptive research in response to climate change and increased water scarcity,may boost farm productivity growth over the next four decades.Advances in biotechnology will help raise potential yields in field trials and thus attainable yields in the best farms,but much can also be gained by reducing the gap between those attainable yields and average on-farm yields,particularly in developing countries.Part of the slowdown in traditionally measured gains from agricultural research in recent decades may be due to research being directed away from things such as maintaining and improving yields and towards conservation of natural resources and the environment.It is likely that climate change concerns will also lead to some re-direction of R&D investment,to goals such as crop tolerance to drought and other extreme weather events.Another large dilemma for research administrators,both public and private,is how much effort to direct to transgenic foods.While there remains strong opposition by some consumers and governments of large countries to GM food production and imports,the returns from such research will be dampened,both absolutely and relative to efforts to produce non-food GM crops (cotton,biofuels and other industrial crops).R&D on the latter will reduce the upward pressure that demands for those non-food crops would otherwise put on food prices,but the anti- GM food stance will continue to reduce the potential for biotechnology to lower food prices in countries where GM food is discouraged or banned—with major implications for bilateral trade flows since it effectively divides the world food supplies into two separate markets (Anderson & Jackson 2006).
农业R&D投资有一个巨大的回报（阿尔斯通等人.2000.然而,有了这样的投资在过去的二十年里,经济增长明显减速,这可能会有助于减缓农业生产率的增长（阿尔斯通等人.2009年a,b）.如果在投资增长放缓是响应于20世纪80年代中期在国际市场粮食价格低,然后在最近几年的价格上涨,加上新的每种需要应对气候变化的适应性研究增加水资源短缺,可能会提高农业生产率的增长在未来的四年.生物技术的进步将有助于提高产量潜力的田间试验,从而达到的产量在最好的农场,但也可以通过减少那些达到的产量和平均农产品产量之间的差距了,特别是在发展中国家.经济放缓的传统测量所得的农业研究在最近几十年里,可能是由于被引导远离诸如维持和提高产量和对自然资源的保护和环境研究的一部分.它是可能的,气候变化问题也会导致R&D投资一些目标方向,如作物对干旱等极端天气事件的耐受性.研究人员的一大难题,包括公共的和私人的,是直接对转基因食物多少的努力.尽管仍然存在强烈的反对,一些消费者和大国家的政府对转基因食品的生产和进口,从研究的回报会挫伤,绝对和相对的努力产生非食品的转基因作物（棉花,生物燃料和其他经济作物）.在后者的研发将减少那些非粮食作物的需求,否则将对食品价格上涨的压力,但反对转基因食品的态度将继续减少潜在的生物技术食品价格的下降的国家,转基因食品是沮丧或禁止对双边贸易流量的重大影响,因为它有效地分世界粮食供应为两个独立的市场（安德森和杰克逊2006）.
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